Midterm 1 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
nociception
A
- sense of pain
- this is a gift!
2
Q
leprosy
A
- infection with mycobacterium leprae
- damages peripheral neves
3
Q
nervous system is structurally/anatomically divided into ____ and _____
A
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
4
Q
central nervous system
A
-brain and spinal cord
5
Q
peripheral nervous system
A
- nerves that stem off of the brain and spinal cord
- supply limbs and organs
- “cranial nerves”
6
Q
afferent nerve impulses
A
- travel towards the CNS
- sensory neurons
7
Q
efferent nerve impulses
A
- travel from CNS out towards the periphery
- motor neurons
8
Q
nervous system is divided functionally into ____ and _____ categories
A
- somatic
- autonomic
9
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- voluntary motor activity
- neurons supply sensations animal is consciously choosing or reflexing to something
- can be either sensory (reacting to receptors consciously perceived by brain) or motor (controlled by brain)
10
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
- neurons carrying impulses initialed automatically, below conscious recognition
- subconscious “house keeping functions”
- ex. pupil size, heart rate, body temp regulation
11
Q
how do the central and peripheral nervous systems work together?
A
- peripheral system picks up on changes and events inside and outside the body and send info to CNS
- info received at brain and spinal chord, analyzed, memorized, decisions made
- CNS commands response back out to periphery via motor nerves for actions to be executed
12
Q
how nerves communicate
A
-action potential (also called nerve impulses or nerve signals)
13
Q
glial cells
A
- support and protect neurons/nerve cells
- “neuroglia cells”
- greek for glue
- don’t transmit or receive impulses
- majority weight of tissue, 10 glial per 1 neuron
14
Q
2 types of neuroglia cells are ______ and _______
A
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
15
Q
astrocytes
A
- send extensions of self to wrap around capillaries in tissue
- add extra barrier to wall of blood vessels so substance in blood cannot freely diffuse into brain tissue
- “blood-brain barrier”
16
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
- send extensions of self to wrap around axons of neurons
- creates insulating layer called myelin
- myelinate axons in the CNS
- X shape layers
17
Q
schwann cells
A
- myelinate axons in the PNS
- single layer like pool noodles
18
Q
saltatory conduction
A
-how the myelin sheath in made over the axons facilitated by jumping like transmission impulses
19
Q
grey matter
A
- cell bodies
- grey outside in brain,
- grey inside in spinal chord
20
Q
white matter
A
- myelinated axons
- white inside brain
- white outside spinal chord
21
Q
neurons receive impulses through their _____ and send impulses via _____
A
- receive through dendrites
- send via axons
22
Q
what is happening when neurons are actively firing
A
- neurons are generating and conducting action potential
- at rest means they are not conducting an impulse
23
Q
resting potential of a neuron
A
- (-70 mV) inside axon
- resting state
24
Q
depolarization
A
- Na+/ sodium rush into cell
- charge becomes positive
- after hitting -55 threshold
25
action potential
- reach 40
| - Na+ channels snap shut and K+ channels open
26
repolarization
- K+/potassium rush out of the cell
- after reaching action potential at 40
- back to polarized, negative resting potential (first goes to state of refractory period below -70)
27
Na-K ATPase membrane pumps
- pumps actively keep cell polarized (neg) at resting -70 mV
| - pump 3 Na+ ions out while 2 K+ in
28
membrane channels
-allow K+ and Na+ ions to flow passively down strong concentration gradient in response too neuron
29
threshold
- reaches -55 mV
- channels snap open and Na+ rush in cell (start depolarization)
- all-or-nothing principle bc if threshold is not met the action potential will not result
30
synapse
- how impulse travels from nerve to nerve or target
| - neurotransmitters are released in synapse btwn nerve ending and downstream target
31
2 types of neurotransmitters
- excitatory
| - inhibitory
32
excitatory neurotransmitter
- cause Na+ influx
| - ex. acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses
33
inhibitory neurotransmitter
- hyperpolarize a cell
- make membrane potential more negative, away from threshold
- ex. glycine, GABA
34
4 regions of the brain and brainstem
- cerebrum (cerebral cortex)
- diencephalon
- cerebellum
- brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
35
diencephalon region
- middle of brain
- contains hypothalamus and thalamus
- control endocrine system, important for sleep and sensory
36
cerebellum region
- "little brain" flap under brain attached to top of spinal chord
- controls movement and balance / equilibrium (based off of visual and auditory)
37
brain stem region
- midbrain is under thalamus
- pons under midbrain
- medulla oblongata under pons
- autonomic functions/ involuntary so sneezing, swallowing, blood vessels
38
lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- occipital lobe
- temporal lobe
39
frontal lobe
- front most part of brain
- cognition/ knowledge
- reasoning
40
parietal lobe
- top of brain following frontal
- processes sensory tactile info
- touch, pain, pressure
41
temporal lobe
- underside of brain/ middle
- auditory processing
- language, hearing
42
occipital lobe
- back most, smaller part of brain
- visual interpretation
- vision
43
two enlargements of the spinal cord
- cervical enlargement
- lumbar enlargement
- bigger bc more nerves come off of them to supply shoulder and hind limbs
44
5 divisions of the spinal cord (4 if no tail)
- cervical (top)
- thoracic (shoulder to back)
- lumbar (low back)
- sacral (hips)
- coccygeal (tail)
45
brain and spinal cord are encased in ______
bone
46
brain and spinal cord are surround by layer of fluid they float in called _______
cerebrospinal fluid
47
meninges (and 3 layers of it)
- 3 membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
- dura mater: outermost, thicker, under bone
- arachnoid: middle, vascular, weblike (in subarachnoid space)
- pia mater: innermost layer, thin, adherent to contours in brain
48
meningitis
- inflamed meninges surrounding brain and spinal cord
| - lethal if cloudy fluid from spinal tap
49
peripheral nerves
-spinal nerves exit at each intervertebral junction and extend to tissue
50
cranial nerves
- originate from ventral brain
| - 12 cranial nerves (some motor, some sensory)
51
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are _______ and _________
- sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight from thoracolumbar)
- parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest from craniosacral)
52
ganglion
- accumulation of cell bodies that lie outside CNS/ brain + spinal cord
- autonomic efferents are 2-neuron chains
- somatic efferents are 1-neuron chain
53
sympathetic nervous system (SNS) ganglionic nerves
- ganglion close to CNS/ short preganglionic neuron
| - long postganglionic neuron
54
parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) ganglionic nerves
- ganglion far from CNS
- long preganglionic neuron
- short postganlionic neuron
55
3 layers of eyeball wall
- sclera: outter fibrous layer
- choroid: middle vascular layer
- retina: inner nervous layer
56
reflective layer in the middle back of a dog's eyeball is called the ________
-tapetum (in the choroid)
57
pathway and drainage of aqueous humor
- aqueous humor liquid secreted in posterior chamber (btwn iris and front of lens)
- thru pupil to anterior chamber, then drains out eye
58
layers of retina first hit by sun
- sun
- ganglion cell layer
- bipolar cell layer
- photoreceptor layer
59
what is the back of the eye called
fundus (has optic disk in middle)
60
parts of the external ear
- pinna/ ear lobe
- external canal
- tympanic membrane
61
parts of middle ear
- ossicles
| - eustachian tube
62
parts of inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
| - semicircular canals (balance)
63
organ of corti
- in transverse section of cochlea
- vibrations bend hair against tectorial membrane
- auditory cortex interprets this as a sound
64
vestibular apparatus
- made up of semicircular canals
- fluid movement btwn the 3 canals cause action potential sent to CN VIII
- give sense of balance
