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ASCI 229 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

anatomy

A
  • form and structure

- gross, microscopic

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2
Q

physiology

A
  • process and function

- ex. endocrinology, cardiology

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3
Q

micro anatomy

A
  • too small to see w/out microscope

- histology: evaluation of tissues at their cellular level

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4
Q

gross anatomy

A

-body parts large enough to be seen with naked eye

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5
Q

homeostasis

A
  • dynamic equilibrium
  • maintenance of a thermostatically-set range of internal conditions
  • maintained with neg and pos feedback loops
  • ex. oxygen levels, body temp, blood pH
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6
Q

pathophysiology

A

-abnormal functioning of the body in disease

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7
Q

disease

A

-when the body’s maintenance of homeostasis is overcome

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8
Q

negative feedback

A
  • hypothalamus in body
  • maintains internal body temp like thermostat in home
  • determines heat when blood touches thermoreceptors
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9
Q

what does form dictates function mean?

A

-shape of something influences how it functions

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10
Q

purpose of anatomic terminology

A

-quickly and precisely communicate where lesions or problems are located

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11
Q

median plane

A

divides right and left in half

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12
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides right and left, but not in half

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13
Q

transverse plane

A
  • divides cranial (front) from caudal (back)
  • divides neck
  • divides leg from body
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14
Q

dorsal plane

A

divides dorsal (back) and ventral (abdomen/ belly)

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15
Q

rostral

A

towards the tip of the nose

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16
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail end of the body

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17
Q

dorsal

A
  • towards the back

- towards the front/top of forelimb and hindlimb (aka top of hand/foot)

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18
Q

ventral

A

towards the belly

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19
Q

proximal

A

towards the body on an extremely/ limb

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20
Q

distal

A

away from the body on an extremely/ limb

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21
Q

palmar

A

back/bottom of the forelimb

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22
Q

plantar

A

back/bottom of hindlimb

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23
Q

what are the two main body cavities

A
  • dorsal (cranial/brain, spinal cord)

- ventral (abdomen, thorax)

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24
Q

4 types of tissue

A
  • epithelium
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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25
epithelial cells
- sheets of cells that cover, protect, and line body surfaces and cavities - substance/parenchyma within organs - control permeability/ absorb & secrete - sensory receptors - glandular - regenerate fast - avascular: rely on blood vessels for nutrients and O2
26
cellularity of epithelial cells
-high cellularity (numerous cells stacked & layered)
27
polarity of epithelial cells
- ends of cells are different - apical surface is free and exposed to cavity - basolateral surface is anchored
28
epithelial cells are classified by...
- number of layers (simple or stratified) | - type or shape of cell (squamous, cuboidal)
29
epithelial cells are attached by 3 junctions
- tight junctions: form top band for selective permeability - desmosomes: flexible and strong for connecting contracting cells - gap junctions: allow for rapid flow btwn neighboring cells
30
simple vs stratified epithelial cell arrangements
- simple: cells arranged one layer deep | - stratified: cells arranged 2 or more layers, stacks on top of each other
31
types/ shapes of epithelial cells
- squamous: fried egg or thin (kidney) - columnar: long touching rows (GI tract) - cuboidal: stacks like bricks/ sea anemones (tubule walls) - transitional: rounder, passing, changing size (urinary tract)
32
3 secretion types of exocrine glands
- merocrine: little squirts/ mist - apocrine: shoots small globs - holocrine: one big glob
33
distinct qualities of connective tissue
- sparse cells - fibers - have ground structure
34
connective tissue proper
- loose connective tissue | - dense connective tissue
35
specialized connective tissue
- cartilage - bone - blood
36
loose connective tissue
- areolar (regular connective) - adipose (fatty pic) - reticular (dense, but w/ground substance)
37
dense connective tissue
- dense regular - dense irregular - elastic
38
3 types of fiber in connective tissue
- collagenous - reticular - elastic
39
collagenous fibers in connective tissue
- made of protein collagen - in thick, strong, long bundles, wavy - ex. artery
40
reticular fibers in connective tissue
- made of protein collagen - thin, delicate, branches, hold shape - ex. liver, glands
41
elastic fibers in connective tissue
- made of protein elastin - stretchable, elastic - ex. vocal chord, bladder
42
4 stages of cutaneous wound repair
1. hemorrhage (blood) and inflammation 2. organization 3. proliferation/increase of granulation tissue 4. regeneration of fibrosis (thickening and scaring tissue)
43
first intention healing
- sutured wounds | - better cosmetic effect
44
second intention healing
-formation of granulation tissue then scar from natural healing
45
integument and integumentary derivatives
-skin and derivatives like claws, horns, nails, hooves, hair
46
cells of the epidermis (a stratified squamous epithelium)
- keratinocytes - melanocytes - langerhans - merkel
47
layers of keratinocytes (outer to inner)
- stratum corneum - stratum lucidum (thicker skin only) - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale/ germinativum - "can long giraffes still bend?"
48
dermis
- directly under epidermis - contributes to majority skin strength - houses hair follicles, nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels, glands, smooth muscle
49
sebaceous vs. sweat glands
- sebaceous: secrete oily substance directly into hair follicle - sweat gland: classify many glands which secretes directly onto skin surface or into hair follicle
50
apocrine vs. eccrine sweat glands
- apocrine: secretes directly into hair follicle | - eccrine: secrete directly onto skin's surface
51
hair growth cycle (draw out)
- anagen: growth phase, attached to blood supply - catagen: transition phase, just detached from blood supply - telogen: resting phase, detached from dermis, sticking out (brushed out easily)
52
hair loss
- alopecia - called mange in animals - caused by demodex (deep) mites and sarcoptes (surface) mites
53
horn vs. antler
- horn: core of skull goes up further, covered by horn | - antler: smaller core of skull, majority bone sticking out
54
epidermal layers of hoof
- same as skin, just modified for function - highly keratinized and hard, but flexible - horse: solipeds - ruminants, swine: cloven (split)
55
laminitis
- damaging inflammation of laminar (laminae/ directly under hoof) tissue - painful crippling disease - horse or cow leans back to compensate
56
laminae
- attach hoof wall with third phalanx bone | - dermis layer
57
founder
- result of uncontrolled laminitis | - called "rotation" or "sinking"
58
skin neoplasia
- unregulated cell division from exposure to UV radiation - squamous cell carcinoma - if in 3rd eyelid on cow, it is trimmed first, but if that doesn't work cow is slaughtered - most common on white faced breeds
59
melanoma
- tumor of pigment bearing cells (usually black) | - form of skin neoplasia for the epidermis and dermis
60
subcutaneous layer / hypodermis
- "subQ" - contains areolar tissue, adipose cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves - has Pacinian corpuscles (nerve endings that detect heavier pressure)

ASCI 229 (7 decks)

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