Quiz 2 Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
5 components of the axial skeleton
A
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal
2
Q
external bones of the cranium
A
- occipital bone
- interparietal
- parietal
- temporal
- frontal
3
Q
external bones of the face
A
- incisive
- nasal
- maxillary
- mandible
- lacrimal (ball)
- zygomatic
4
Q
pelvic bones
A
- wing of ilium
- ilium
- pubis
- acetabulum
- obturator foramen
- ischium
- public symphysis
5
Q
forelimb / thoracic limb (proximal to distal)
A
- scapula
- humorous
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones (carpus)
- metacarpal bones
- phalanges
6
Q
hind limb / pelvic limb (proximal to distal)
A
- pelvis
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsal bones (tarsus)
- metatarsal bones
- phalanges
7
Q
synovial joint characteristics
A
-produces synovial fluid that lubricates joint surfaces
8
Q
canine vertebral formula
A
C 8 T 13 L 7 S 3 Cd 20
9
Q
equine vertebral formula
A
C 7 T 18 L 6 S 5 Cd 15-21
10
Q
functions of bone
A
- support
- protection
- leverage
- storage
- hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
11
Q
osteoblasts
A
-where bone formation begins
12
Q
osteocytes
A
-osteoblasts once crystalized in tiny spaces/ lacuna in the bone
13
Q
osteoclasts
A
- eat away at bone to remodel it
- this releases calcium back into bloodstream
- ruffled membrane
14
Q
two types of bone
A
- cancellous
- compact
15
Q
cancellous bone
A
- porous, sponge-like appearance
- makes bone lighter weight
- houses red bone marrow
16
Q
compact bone
A
- heavy, dense, strong
- weight bearing
- made up of Haversian systems
17
Q
epiphysis section of long bone
A
“ball shape” on either side of the long bone
18
Q
diaphysis section of long bone
A
middle section of the long bone
19
Q
red bone marrow
A
- contains hematopoietic elements
- site of blood cell generation in body
- protected
20
Q
yellow bone marrow
A
- contains primarily adipose tissue
- not hematopoietic, but can revert to red bone marrow
21
Q
bone formation by endochondral ossification
A
- bone created by mineralization/ ossification of earlier made cartilage model
- primary growth center: bone replaces cartilage
- secondary growth centers: growth plates found at end of long bones
22
Q
3 types of muscle
A
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
23
Q
skeletal muscle
A
- striated, tubular
- multinucleated
- usually attaches to skeleton
- voluntary
- function: execute movement
24
Q
cardiac muscle
A
- branched, striated, tubular
- one nucleus
- occurs only in heart
- thankfully not under voluntary control
- function: rhythmic beat without nerve input (automaticity)
25
smooth muscle
- non-striated, tapered, long, narrow rods
- one nucleus
- not under voluntary control
- have actin and myosin
26
myo
muscle
27
sarco
striated or skeletal muscles
28
tendons
- fibrous, strong connective tissue at each end of a muscle
| - connects muscle to bone
29
aponeurosis
-fibrous connective tissue arranged in broad sheets
30
ligament
-fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
31
2 types of smooth muscle
- visceral
| - multi-unit
32
visceral smooth muscle
- one nerve ending activated many muscle fibers
| - in stomach, bladder
33
multi-unit smooth muscle
- one nerve ending activated only few muscle fibers
| - in iris, blood vessels (things with precise movements)
34
contractile proteins
- actin and myosin
- fill inside of striated muscle fibers
- arranged in sarcomeres/ repeating units (make it look striped)
35
actin
- thin filaments
| - on the outside
36
myosin
- thick filaments
| - in the middle
37
blood
- moving connective tissue
- functions: transport, regulatory, defense systems
- made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
38
plasma makeup
- 90% water
- proteins (fibrinogen & globulins/ antibodies)
- electrolytes
- nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones
39
cellular components of blood
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
40
erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- cytosol packed with hemoglobin
- restricted lifespan bc no nucleus
- function: O2 and CO2 transport
41
leukocytes
- white blood cells
- contain organelles (colorless bc no hemoglobin)
- immune system defense unit
- 5 different types
42
platelets
- cell fragments of cytoplasm
| - function in blood clots/ hemostasis (stopping blood flow)
43
normal hematocrit
-45% whole blood/ erythrocytes
44
anemia hematocrit
-30% whole blood/ erythrocytes
45
polycythemia hematocrit
-70% whole blood/ erythrocytes
46
dehydration hematocrit
- 70% whole blood/ erythrocytes
| - significantly less plasma
47
5 different types of circulating leukocytes
- neutrophils (g)
- eosinophils (g)
- basophils (g)
- monocytes (a)
- lymphocytes (a)
48
granulocytes
- white blood cells with secretary glands
| - includes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
49
agranulocytes
- white blood cells with one lobed nucleus
| - includes: monocytes, lymphocytes
50
neutrophils aka polymorphonucleocytes / PMNs / segs
- destroy bacteria by phagocytosis (eating bacteria)
| - first line of defense
51
intravascular pools of neutrophils
- circulating pool (neutrophils flowing in bloodstream, measured by CBC)
- marginal pool (cells on the walls/ not circulating, in lungs, abdomen)
52
eosinophils
- allergic or inflammatory conditions (asthma, hay fever)
| - internal parasite infestations (attach to worm to kill)
53
basophils
- least common (.25-.50% of leukocytes)
- allergic response
- store heparin (anti-clotting) and histamine (injury immflamation)
54
monocytes
- develop in bone marrow
- grow for years to move to tissue to become macrophages (large eaters)
- pleomorphic nucleus/ multiple configurations
55
lymphocytes
- predominant in ruminants and swine
- develop in bone marrow
- circulate between lymph organ and tissue
- 4 subclasses of lymphocytes
56
4 subclasses of lymphocytes
- B lymphocytes
- plasma cells
- T lymphocytes
- natural killer (NK) cells
57
B lymphocytes
- produce circulating antibodies
| - humoral immunity
58
plasma cell lymphocytes
-produce antibodies
59
T lymphocytes
- destroy specific cells
| - cell-mediated immunity
60
natural killer (NK) cell lymphocytes
-destroy foreign cells and self cells infected by viruses
61
neutrophilia
- high neutrophil count
| - infection, but not as bad
62
neutropenia
- low neutrophil count
| - infection, worse
