Midterm Flashcards by Infiniti Caldwell

The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, as well as their relationship to one another

Anatomy

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The study of how to body and its parts work or function

Physiology

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The study of the changes and body structure and function as a result of disease

Pathology

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Has a apical surface which may be modified, is classified based on numbers of layers and cell shapes, avascular, cells fit closely together to form sheets, includes glandular tissue

Epithelial

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May be voluntary or involuntary, highly specialized to contract

Muscle tissue

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Composed of cells in a non-living matrix, examples include bone, blood, and fat, functions include protecting, supporting, and binding together

Connective

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Cells are called neurons, characteristics include irritability , and conductivity

Nervous

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Colloid it feels to sail from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Function: Site of many cellular activities ; consist of cytosol and organelles

Cytoplasm

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Short hair-like projections from the cell

Cilli

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Long whip like extensions from the sale; move the cell

Flagella

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Large organelles with internal folded membranes. Function: convert energy from nutrients to atp.

Mitochondria

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Large membrane bound, dark staining organelle near the center of the cell. Function: contains the chromosomes heredity structure that directs all cellular activities

Nucleus

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Network of membranes within the cytoplasm rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. Smooth ER does not.

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Also called the Plasma membrane and is made up of a phospholipid by layer.

Cell membrane

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A structure in cell that sorts proteins and packs them into vesicles

Golgi body

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Diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis

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The passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down, a pressure gradient from high to low

Filtration

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Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low

Diffusion

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Three types of epithelial membranes

Squamous-flat and irregular, Cuboidal- Square, Columnar-long and narrow

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Five. Basic functions of skin.

Protection, regulation, excretion, vitamin D production, and detection of stimuli

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What are the different types of tissue?

Epithelial, Adipose, Cartilaginous, Glandar

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What are the different types of Cartlidge?

Hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic

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What are the three different types of muscle tissue?

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

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Functions of the nervous system:

Sensory input , integration, and motor output

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What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system and identify the major components of each.

Central Nervous system (CNS)- Brain and Spinal cord , Peripheral Nervous system( PNS) all cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and all the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord.

Two cell types found in nervous tissue

Neuron- basic unit of life consist of nerves, cell body and small branches of the cell caller fibers. Neuralgia-specialize cells that protect the brain from harmful substances.

Neurons carry impulses from receptors such as skin to central nervous system

Sensory( AFFERENT)

Neurons carry impulses from the CNS to a muscle or a gland.

Motor (EFFERENT)

Connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS

Interneurons

An electrical current generated by the upset, or a change in charge across the muscle cell membrane or sarcoma

Action potential

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?

Tiny vesicles, containing Neurotransmitters fuse with axon membrane.

Potential along the axon is electrical and transmission of the impulse across the synapse is chemical

Nerve impulse electrochemical

A rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli that protect the body

Reflex

White matter versus gray matter

Gray matter is composed of unmyelinated cell bodies. White matter is composed of myelinated nerve fibers..

What are the major regions of the brain?

Cerebrum, brainstem cerebellum, diencephalon

Processes information from other areas of the nervous system, and send info to the cerebral cortex

Thalamus

Maintains homeostasis, body temp water, balance, metabolism, controls, emotions and hunger & thirst also controls pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Secretion of melatonin and emotional responses to odor

Epithalamus

What is the all or none response?

If an action potential is generated, the impulse is conducted over the entire axon; there is no partial impulse impulse

What part of the brain processes sensory information, such as touch temperature and taste

Parietal

What part of the brain, regulates, motor function, problem-solving, memory, language, and judgment

Frontal

What part of the brain, regulates, auditory(hearing) and olfactory(smell)

Temporal

Visual processing center of the brain

Occipital

Potassium pump uses ATP to restore ion concentrations to the original ionic state

Sodium potassium pump

The simplest functional unit of the nervous system is?

Reflex Arc

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, temperature control, vitamin D production, excretion & detection of stimuli

What does vitamin D do in integumentary system?

Vitamin D, absorbs calcium, and plays a vital role in immunity. modified cholesterol molecules in the skin are converted into vitamin D by sunlight.

Contains a single layer of cells

Simple tissue

Multiple layers stacked

Stratified tissue

Single layer that appears as multiple layers

Pseudostratified tissue

What is the difference between connective an epithelial tissue??

Epithelial tissue covers and lines Organs and connective tissue supports organs in the body

What causes goosebumps?

Arrector pili muscle

What skin is avascular?

Epithelium

What gives skin its color?

Melanin

Muscle that pulls hair upright?

Arrector pili

Carries blood away from the skin

Artery

Thick layer of skin that contains nerves and blood vessels and other structures

Dermis

Upper layer of skin composed, mostly of dead, flat cells

Epidermis

Produces hair

Hair follicle

Dead part of hair that projects from the

Hair shaft

Anchors the skin to underlying organs

Hypodermis

Nerve receptor that detects touch

Meissner’s corpuscle

Detect pain

Nerve endings

Receptor that detects deep pressure

Pacinian corpuscle

Has fingerlike projections to penetrate into the epidermis to provide nutrients

Papillary layer

Opening of a sweat duct on the skin surface

Pore

Produces sebum

Sebaceous gland

Produces sweat

Sweat gland

Carries blood towards the skin

Vein

List the function of the endocrine system

What are the endocrine glands?

Hypothalamus pituitary, parathyroid ovaries, testes, adrenals, pineal gland, thyroid

Composed of small pieces of bone and lots of open Space

Spongy bone

Dense and look smooth and homogeneous

Compact bone

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support, storage, movement protection, Hematopoiesis

Deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual fibers within fascicles

Endomysium

Connective tissue layer around each fascicle

Perimysium

Individual muscle, fiber

Fascicle

Connective tissue sheath that encases the entire muscle

Epimysium

Fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to muscle.

Tendons

The attachment to the immovable or less movable bone

Origin

The attachments in a movable bone

Insertion

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber

Sarcolemma

Network of channels for support

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Through it like organelle of muscle fibers that lie parallel to each other

Myofibrils

Threadlike proteins in the myofibril

Myofilaments

Functional unit of a muscle fiber

Sarcomeres

Motor molecule that use ATP to pull on actin

Myosin

A protein that produces thin contractile filaments within muscle cells

Actin

A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates

Motor unit

Describe the neuromuscular junction

The synapse where the neuron and muscle cell meet; where motor neuron stimulates a muscle cell

What two ways in which graded muscle contractions can be produced?

By changing the frequency of muscle stimulation and By changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated

What factor determines how forcefully a muscle contracts?

The number of muscle cells that are stimulated