MIDTERM Flashcards by Marianne Nadeen Aini Tupay

It is a set of proven practices that help stop the spread of illness and infection.

INFECTION CONTROL

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It is something that infiltrates another living thing.

INFECTIOUS AGENT

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It is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms not normally present in the body such as: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite.

INFECTION

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These can thrive in many different types of environments (extreme heat, cold, radioactive). They can also reproduce on their own.

BACTERIA

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It is smaller than bacteria and requires living hosts such as people, plants or animals to multiply.

VIRUSES

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It refers to any place
where an infectious agent can live.

People, Animals, Equipment, Water

RESERVOIR

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It refers to any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents, can transfer diseases to a new host.

FOMITES

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It refers to the way the infectious agents leave the reservoir.

Nose, Blood, Skin, Urine, Feces

PORTAL OF EXIT

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It is the way the infectious agent gets from the reservoir to the new host.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

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person to person transmission

DIRECT

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transmission where fomites are involved.

INDIRECT

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transmission via saliva or droplets less than 1m distance.

DROPLETS

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transmission caused by small particles suspended in the air more than
1m distance.

AIRBORNE

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transmission caused by contaminated food, water, medications, instruments

VEHICLE

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the way the infectious agent gets into the next host.

Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Open Wound

PORTAL OF ENTRY

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transmission caused by mosquitoes (biological), flies and ticks (mechanical)

VECTOR BORNE

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any person who is at risk of getting an infection from the infectious agent.

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST

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It is also known as Community Immunity. When most people in a community are immune to a disease (through vaccination and/or prior illness), there is less opportunity for the disease to spread from person to person.

HERD IMMUNITY

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It is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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Are causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events (can be demographic, genetic makeup,
risk factors, and environment exposure).

DETERMINANTS

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It develops rapidly but lasts only a short period of time. (e.g. Influenza)

ACUTE DISEASE

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It develops more slowly but lasts for a long period of time. (ex. Hepatitis B)

CHRONIC DISEASE

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It is usually present in a community and this may not necessarily be the desired level. (ex. Malaria and Dengue)

ENDEMIC DISEASE

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It occurs infrequently and irregularly. (ex. Leptospirosis and Typhoid fever)

SPORADIC DISEASE

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It refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area. (ex. Influenza)

EPIDEMIC

It is the same as epidemic but is often used for a more limited geographic area.

OUTBREAK

It refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people. (ex. COVID-19, SARS, MERS-COV)

PANDEMIC

It is the period of infection. The interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms.

INCUBATION PERIOD

It is characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise. It is the short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases.

PRODROMAL PERIOD

It is the period where disease is most severe. The person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of the disease contracted.

PERIOD IF ILLNESS

It is the period of defervescence. A period where signs and symptoms begin to subside, but the patient may be vulnerable to secondary infections.

PERIOD OF DECLINE

this period marks the patient’s recovery from the disease. The patient regains strength and body returns to its normal condition.

PERIOD OF CONVALSCENCE

The subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.

SYMPTOMS

The objective changes the physicians can observe and measure.

SIGNS

It is the specific group of symptoms or signs.

SYNDROME

It spreads from one host to another. (ex. Chickenpox, Measles, Genital Herpes, Typhoid fever, Tuberculosis)

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

It does not spread from one host to another. (ex. Tetanus, Diabetes)

NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE

It is ability of the host to fight diseases through body defenses.

IMMUNITY

It is the study of immune responses.

IMMUNOLOGY

It is known as lack of immunity

SUSCEPTIBILITY

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSES

INTACT SKIN MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND THEIR SECRETIONS NORMAL MICROBIOTA

Consists of microorganisms that inhabit the human body but normally do not cause disease.

NORMAL MICROBIOTA

Are those microbes that inhabit the body for weeks or months but later disappear.

TRANSIENT MICROBIOTA

Microbes that are fixed and regularly found on a specific site of the body.

RESIDENT MICROBIOTA

It is the relationship between the normal microbiota and the host.

SYMBIOSIS

A relationship wherein one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. - Example is Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin.

COMMENSALISM

A relationship wherein both organisms benefit from one another. - Example is E. coli bacteria in the large intestine.

MUTUALISM

A relationship wherein one organism benefits at the expense of the other. - Example is H1N1 virus particles on a host cell.

PARASITISM

It is the first line of defense against environmental disease-causing microbes.

SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE

These are the barriers that prevent the entry or cause the removal of microbes from the surface of the body.

PHYSICAL FACTORS

These are the substances produced by the body to inhibit or completely destroy the microbial growth.

CHEMICAL FACTORS

It forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes; shedding helps remove microbes.

EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN

It inhibits the entrance of many microbes, but not as effectively as intact skin.

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

It traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

MUCUS

It provides tears that wash away microbes; tears contain lysozymes which destroys cell walls, especially of gram-positive bacteria.

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

It dilutes and washes microbes from mouth.

SALIVA

It filter and traps microbes and dust in nose.

HAIRS

Together with mucus form a ciliary escalator, which traps and removes microbes from upper respiratory tract.

CILIA

It prevents microbes from entering lower respiratory tract.

EPIGLOTTIS

It prevents microbes from entering the ear.

EARWAX

It washes microbes from urethra to prevent colonization in genitourinary tract.

URINE

It moves microbes out of the body

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

It expels microbes from body

PERISTALSIS, DEFECATION, VOMITING, DIARRHEA

It forms a protective acidic film over the skin surface that inhibits microbial growth.

SEBUM

Contains Fatty acids that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi

EARWAX

It flushes microbes from the skin and contains lysozyme which is also present in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, urine, and tissue fluids

PERSPIRATION

It contains lysosome, urea, and uric acid which inhibit microbes; and immunoglobulin A, which prevents attachment of microbes to mucous membranes.

SALIVA

High acidity destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.

GASTRIC JUICE

Glycogen break down into lactic acid proves slight acidity, which discourages bacterial and fungal growth.

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

It contains lysozyme, slight acidity discourages microbial growth

URINE

Second line of defenses

PHAGOCYTES INFLAMMATION FEVER ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

It differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation. - Stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues.

MONOCYTE

It is the first responders at the site of infection or trauma. - Represents 50-60 percent of all leukocytes.

NEUTROPHILS

It Releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection.

NEUTROPHIL

It is responsible for defense against parasites. - Releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions.

BASOPHIL

It releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage. - Circulates in blood and migrates to tissues.

EOSINOPHIL

It dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through release of histamines and heparin.

MAST CELL

It recruits macrophages and neutrophils. Involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens but can also be responsible for allergic reactions.

MAST CELL

A phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. Stimulates response of other immune cells.

MACROPHAGE

It kills tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

NATURAL KILLER CELL

It present antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity.

DENDRITIC CELL

The same cell secretes and receives cytokine signal.

AUTOCRINE

The cytokine signal secreted to a nearby cell.

PARACRINE

The cytokine signal secreted to circulatory system; travels to distant cells.

ENDOCRINE

A cytokine that refers to antiviral proteins

INTERFERON FAMILY

It direct cell migration, adhesion and activation

CHEMOKINE FAMILY

It regulate inflammatory and immune responses.

TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR FAMILY

A variety of actions dependent upon interleukin and cell type

INTERLEUKIN FAMILY

It promote cell proliferation and differentiation.

HAEMATOPOIETINS

The regulation of immune cells

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA FAMILY

It is released by damage cells and are recognized by receptors in the leukocytes causing release of pro- inflammatory cytokines.

DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS

It is contained by microbes that can also enter injured site which can cause release of pro-inflammatory cytokines or lymphocyte activating cytokines.

PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS

It cause degranulation of mast cells.

PRO INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES

such as histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are released by mast cells. - Causes the vasodilation of capillaries which is followed by an increase in vascular permeability causing gaps in the vessel walls.

INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

RUBOR (REDNESS) CALOR (HEAT) DOLOR (PAIN) TUMOR (SWELLING) FUNCTIO LAESA (LOSS OF FUNCTION)

STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS

ACTIVATION CHEMOTAXIS RECOGNITION AND ATTACHMENT ENDOCYTOSIS KILLING AND DIGESTING EXOCYTOSIS

It is characterized by an abnormally high body temperature.

FEVER

The goal is to make or form the attack complex or the cylindrical membrane attack complex through the different proteins. - Results to cell swelling and bursting.

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM