Midterm 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Five components of moral panic
heightened concern hostility towards the offending group a certain level of consensus that there is a real threat disproportionality volatility
Youth crime is resulted from…explained in these theories
learning deviant techniques and motives from peers (differential association theory)
bonds with others that restrain most of us from crime (social bonds theory)
level of self control developed early in life (general theory of crime
Structural inequalities in access to legitimate opportunities (merton’s strain theory)
illegitimate oppoprutnites (differential opportunity)
system of rewards, punishments, and role models we have been exposed to in life (social learning theory)
Parenting style is greatly related to child delinquency
supervision, parental control, emotional ties between parent and child
Factors influencing youth violent crime
male
no university aspirations
skipping school
discriminated against on the basis of race, language, or religion
have been stolen from
have been threatened
perceive school as unsafe
negative relationship with father and/or mother
going out at night without adult supervision
spending time with friends rather than with family
peer acceptance of illegal acts
Factors influencing youth property crime
single parent or blended family
no university aspirations
skipping school
perceive school environment as unsafe
have been stolen from
going outa t night without adult supervision
spending time alone rather tha with family
spending time with friends rather than with family
peer acceptance of illegal acts
Family Indicators influencing gang involvement
excessive parental controls lax parental controls low parental nurturance abuse/neglect low parental educational level criminality among other family members
Personal Indicators influencing gang involvement
low self control low motivation truancy failing grades low aspirations or goals in life substance abuse
Community indicators influencing gang involvement
community disorganization high crime rates high population turnover lack of cultural resources lack of recreational resources gang presence
School indicators influencing gang involvement
negative school environment violence in the school low expectations for students inadequate funding for school resources lax controls over students
atavists
evolutionary throwbacks according to Lombroso’s theory of crime based on evolution
Positivist Theories
explain why people act in deviant ways
functionalist theories under this category type
learning theories
and theories of social control
Functionalist Theories
Tautological (circular)
Telological (related to goals)
structures in society needed for smooth running of society
Durkheim: Anomie theory (society changes too quickly)
Merton: Strain Theory (social structure places limitation on people’s access to mess of achieving society’s goals)
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity Theory (opportunities to legitimate or illegitimate opportunities)
Agnew: General Strain Theory (when we are unable to achieve goals, or great stress is placed upon us, accompanied with negative emotions)
Cohen: Theory of Status Frustration (middle class measuring rod, inequalities in society reproduced in classroom against low class males)
Merton: strain theory
Adaptations into deviance (social structure places limitations on access to legitimate means of success)
1) conformity: accept society goals and legitimate means of attaining them
2) Innovation: accept society goals, but reject legitimate means of attainment
3) Ritualism: reject society’s goals but accept legitimate means
4) Retreatism: reject society’s goals and means of attaining them
5) Rebellion: new goals, and new ways of attaining them
Durkheim: Anomie Theory
Industrial revolution; when society changes too quickly people are displaced
anomie means: normallessness
Mechanical solidarity: people bonded by likeness
Organic solidarity: people bonded by difference (division of labour)
Merton: Anomie and Strain Theories
Institutionalized goals: what society idealized goals, not everyone could attain them with legitimate means
Cloward and Ohlin: Differential Opportunity Theory
legitimate opportunities only available to some, people grow up in bad neighbourhoods or families-gangs
Agnew: General Strain Theory
strain can come from other sources than just reaching institutionalized goals, loss of family member, job, negative stimuli. but turned deviant with negative affect
Cohen: Status Frustration
subcultural theory rather than functionalist
aimed at lower class males in school, school system not really good for them, measured against a middle class measuring rod, status frustration similar to strain, mutual conversion with other boys feeling the same, reaction formation with their own goals outside of the school system
