Midterm 2 - Ch. 4 Flashcards
(17 cards)
Perception
Process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret the input from their senses to give meaning and order to the world around them
Components of perception
Perceiver
Target
Situation
Bias
Systematic tendency to use or interpret info about a target in a way that results in inaccurate perceptions
Types of Perception Biases
Primacy effect Contrast effect Halo effect Similar-to-me effect Harshness, leniency, average tendency Knowledge of predictor
Primacy effect
We remember first and last things most
Contrast effect
How you do is impacted by how the other people are doing
Halo effect
If your perceiver has a general good/bad impression of you, they assume you would be good/bad in other specific areas
Similar-to-me effect
Most of us like who we are, so we are going to like people who are similar to us
Harshness, leniency, average tendency
Harshness - regardless of how everyone performs, they are just harsh in general; leniency - they are easy on others; average - cannot commit to extremes
Knowledge of predictor
Knowing how a target stands on a predictor of performance influences perceptions of the target
Subjective performance indicator
Qualitative; opinion
Objective performance indicator
Quantitative; data
Attribution theory
Describes how people explain the causes of behavior; internal vs. external attributions
Attributional biases
Fundamental attribution error
Self-serving attribution
Fundamental attribution error
When we are trying to explain someone else’s behavior, we make internal attributions about them, NOT external
Self-serving attribution
Internal for our successes; external for our failures
Learning vs. performance orientation
Beliefs > motivation > attribution (Dweck & Legget)