Midterm 2 Digestive System Flashcards
(26 cards)
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Dysuria
Burning, tingling, or stinging of the urethra and meatus associated with voiding.
Hematochezia
Fresh rectal blood (e.g. hemorrhoids, colon/rectal bleeding)
Atresia in esophagus
interrupted esophagus (i. e. atresia = lack of lumen)
Atresia in intestines
Partial/complete obstruction, or loss of a portion of the lumen
Barrett’s esophagus
neoplasia
RF/E: chronic exposure to acid from the stomach
Sx: frequent, long bouts of heartburn, dysphagia, vomiting blood (hematemesis), retrosternal pain
What is the change in terms of esophageal cell transformation?
Stratified squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium (pre-cancerous)
What is cirrhosis
End stage liver disease
Chronic liver disease is characterized by a loss of normal liver structure and function. Irreversible and incurable (except liver transplant)
Clinical features of cirrhosis
fatigue, weight loss, jaundice, ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity), edema, purpura (when small blood vessels burst, causing blood to pool just under the skin) / spider nevi (collection of small, dilated arterioles (blood vessels) clustered very close to the surface of the skin) / facial telangiectasia (“spider veins”) are dilated or broken blood vessels located near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes.), splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
Type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent; juvenile onset
- absolute deficiency of insulin production and secretion
- autoimmune reaction against beta-cells. fibrosis and hyalinization
- prone to ketoacidosis and metabolic derangements
Type 2 diabetes
non-insulin dependent; adult-onset
- cellular resistance to insulin
- normal beta cells
- not normally prone to ketoacidosis or metabolic problems
What is diabetes insipidus
A disease in which the secretion of or response to the pituitary hormone Vasopressin is impaired – resulting in the production of very large quantities of dilute urine, often w/ dehydration and insatiable thirst
What is diverticulosis
disease characterized by formation of diverticula (i.e. outpouchings of the intestinal wall)
Most commonly in the sigmoid colon
Sx: Usually asymptomatic, increased urge to defecate
What is pancreatic cancer
Adenocarcinoma (95% of the pancreatic tumors)
Px: incurable - nearly all pts die within 12-24 months of Dx. 5yr survival rate is less than 5%.
Main features of acute pancreatitis
Acute response to tissue necrosis caused by digestive enzymes released from exocrine pancreatic cells.
most common causes are alcohol and gallstones
Sx: sudden onset - often in pts with a history of gallstones or alcoholism.
- abdominal pain and distension
- nausea vomiting
- apprehensiveness, great distress, profuse sweating
What is Cholelithiasis
AKA gallstones
Concretions composed of chemicals normally formed in bile. two types: cholesterol and pigmentary. 3x higher in women than in men
What is GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Sx: burning sensation in the chest (heartburn), sometimes spreading to the throat with a sour taste in mouth. chest pain, dysphagia, regurgitation of food or sour liquid (acid reflux), usually worse if lying supine after a large meal, dry cough, hoarseness or sore throat, sensation of lump in throat
Peptic ulcer
Chronic ulceration of the mucosa
most common in stomach and duodenum
Sx: pain immediately after food (stomach ulcer), pain 1-3 hours after a meal (duodenal ulcer), night pain; gnawing pain w/ cramping in epigastrium radiating to back, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hematemesis or melena, iron deficiency anemia
Crohn’s disease
Recurrent, chronic inflammation of the intestines
Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis
diarrhea, bleeding, pain
Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome
chronic non-inflammatory motility disorder affecting the entire GI tract
Sx: abdominal pain or cramping, diarrhea/constipation, bloated feeling; mucus in stool
What is hepatitis
Liver disease/ inflammation of the liver
Chronic hepatitis
Chronic inflammation of liver due to viruses (HBV, HCV, HDV) drugs, alcohol, immune, or metabolic disorders
asymptomatic 75% of the time
