Midterm 3 Nervous System Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Amnesia
A
Loss of memory
2
Q
Chorea
A
Involuntary (unpredictable) rapid movements
3
Q
Aphasia
A
Inability to talk
4
Q
Agnosia
A
Inability to interpret sensation and thus, recognize things
5
Q
Alexia
A
Inability to read
6
Q
Primary headaches
A
tension, migraine and cluster headaches
7
Q
Tension HA
A
diffuse head pain and most common type of headache
8
Q
Tension HA risk factors
A
stress, anxiety, or poor cervical posture
9
Q
Tension HA symptoms
A
dull pain; pressure around the head (forehead, neck, and behind eyes)
10
Q
Episodic tension HA
A
associated with a stressful event
moderate intensity, self-limiting, and usually responsive to non-prescription drugs
11
Q
Chronic tension HA
A
associated with contracted muscles of the neck and scalp
bilateral and usually occipito-frontal
12
Q
Migraine
A
severe head pain accompanied by sensibility to sensory stimuli
13
Q
Migraine risk factors
A
multiple triggered (food, stress, menstruating, environmental) women
14
Q
Migraine pathology
A
vasoconstriction -> hypoxia -> then vasodilation (possible role of serotonin)
15
Q
Migraine symptoms
A
Prodrome (aura) - mood changes, loss of appetite, paresthesia (hands & face mostly); disturbances in vision, sensation, balance, or speech
16
Q
Migraine attacks
A
throbbing unilateral pain; nausea & vomiting; sensitivity to sensory stimuli (light, sounds, smells)
17
Q
Postdrome
A
sore where headache occurred; impaired thinking
18
Q
Cluster HA
A
Series of short (up to 2hrs) but extremely painful headaches, Occur in clusters - lasting days to weeks, then can disappear for months/years
19
Q
Cluster HA risk factors
A
unknown; genetics; smoking; alcohol; hypothalamus dysfunction
20
Q
Cluster HA pathology
A
vascular dilation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, histamine release, & ANS activation
21
Q
Cluster HA symptoms
A
extreme pain - excruciating pain (known to lead to suicide). Rapid onset unilateral. Autonomic changes -> lacrimation, nasal discharge, flushed skin, sweating
22
Q
What type of bleeding is linked to “thunderclap” headache?
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage = located b/w the arachnoid and the pia
23
Q
What’s Bells palsy?
A
Idiopathic facial paralysis
most common form of facial paralysis - no relation to stroke
24
Q
Bell’s palsy risk factors
A
unilateral - facial nerve (CN VII), possible viral connection to (HSV 1)
25
Bell’s palsy pathology
inflammation -> compression (w/ auditory canal) -> axonal damage
26
Bell’s palsy symptoms
facial paralysis with rapid onset, usually overnight; may be preceded by sev pain over the mastoid &/or fullness in the ear; asymmetrical facial appearance; possible changes in taste, hearing, & lacrimation (tears)
27
Bell’s palsy appearance
face: inability to wrinkle brow, drooping eyelid; inability to close eye; inability to puff cheeks; no mm tone; drooping mouth; inability to smile or pucker
28
Parkinson’s disease
Progressive, degenerative. Low dopamine in the basal ganglia. Rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia. Irreversible disease
29
Parkinson’s diagnosis
neurodegenerative disorder that affects “dopaminergic” neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra
30
Parkinson’s risk factors
adults over 50 (men). Unknown, genetic, environmental - certain toxins (pesticides)
31
Multiple sclerosis
Chronic, progressive, sclerotic lesions.
Axon demyelination; plaques in white matter
Abnormal immune fn - cells cross BBB
32
Huntingtons disease
Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily striatal neurons, but also the cerebral cortex.
33
Huntington’s disease risk factors
rare; onset usually 30-40yrs old; disease course lasts 20yrs; males and females equal risk; occurs in all races; genetic - inherited defect in a single huntingtin (HTT) gene (chromosome 4); HTT gene contains DNA sequence of 3 nucleotides (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) in repetition; people with >40 repeats in the HTT develop this disease.
34
Huntington’s disease pathology
mutated from clusters within neurons -> degeneration/loss of neurons -> atrophy of the basal ganglia and frontal cortex -> altered neurotransmitters production -> imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals -> chorea; irreversible and progressive disease
35
Huntington’s disease motor abnormalities
- impairments in involuntary and voluntary movements
- chorea (involuntary rapid movements of trunk and limbs)
- muscle rigidity or mm contracture (dystonia)
- imoaired gait, posture, and balance
36
Huntington’s disease cognitive abnormalities
- impairments in thinking and communicating
- difficulty organizing, prioritizing, or focusing on tasks
- mental incapacitation -> progressive dementia
37
Huntington’s psychiatric abnormalities
- depression and other psychiatric disorders - risk of suicide
- social withdraw, irritability, apathy, insomnia, anorexia, sleep disorders
38
Alzheimer’s disease
neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment (dementia)
39
Alzheimer’s risk factors
most common form of neurodegenerative disease in older people. Unknown/idiopathic - later onset (60’s), genetic - early onset (40’s) - triggered by excess caffeine, sleep deprivation, poor diet, vascular disease. Changes in chromosomes 21 and 19.
40
Alzheimer’s pathology
degeneration of neurons, atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortex, narrowing of gyri, widening of sulci, mental deterioration. histologic features (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) in gray matter. irreversible and progressive disease
41
Alzheimer’s symptoms
progressive cognitive decline (dementia), gradual memory loss (short term -> long term); impaired visuospatial abilities that are not due to eyesight problems; impaired speaking, reading, and writing
42
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
motoneuron disease (MND) = lou gehrig’s disease
motor weakness and progressive wasting of muscles in the extremities, leading to generalized muscle loss and death
43
ALS risk factors
rare; typically men and women between 55-75yrs old; unknown (90%); genetic (10% gene mutation on chromosome 21); immunologic
44
ALS pathology
degeneration and scarring of upper and lower motor neurons; loss of motor neurons in spinal cord, midbrain and cerebral cortex; loss of lat corticospinal pathway in spinal cord; lat parts of the white matter replaced w/ sclerosis; skeletal mm atrophy; irreversible and degenerative disease.
45
ALS symptoms
mm weaken, twitch (fasciculations), and waste (atrophy)
46
ALS early stages symptoms
- mm weakness or stiffness
- mm cramping and fasciculations (involuntary twitching) +- mm atrophy
- fatigue, poor balance, slurred words, weak grip.. other minor sx
47
ALS middle stages symptoms
- some mms are paralyzed, while others are weakened or unaffected
- fasciculations may continue; unused mm may cause contractures
- choking and respiratory insufficiency (esp when lying down)
48
ALS late stages symptoms
- most voluntary mm are paralyzed; respiratory mm are compromised
- speech, eating, and drinking by mouth may not be possible
- immobile; fatigue; incontinence
- mental awareness is lost
49
Which cranial nerve is affected in trigeminal neuralgia
Tic douloureux = intense paroxysms of lancinating pain of cranial nerve V.
50
What’s an aneurysm
Bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall. Can rupture
51
What’s an ischemic stroke
Related to atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries or thromboembolic occlusion of the cerebral arteries Most common type of stroke
Cerebrovascular disease
52
Stroke risk factors
thrombotic occlusion of an atherosclerotic cerebral artery. Thromboemboli originating in the heart chamber (MI) or on the cardiac valves (endocarditis)
High BP, heart disease, oral contraceptives, high cholesterol, excessive alcohol, diabetes, smoking, high RBC count, obesity, drugs
53
Signs of a stroke
occlusion of the middle cerebral artery results in:
- contralateral hemiplegia (loss of capacity to move the extremities)
- sensory loss on the same side of the body
- bilateral symmetric loss of vision in half the visual fields
- eyes deviating to the side of the lesion
- aphasia
54
Signs of an acute stroke
- sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg
- sudden abnormal or loss of sensation on one side of the body
- sudden confusion; difficulty speaking or understanding speech
- sudden severe HA - no identifiable cause
- sudden blurring or loss of vision
- sudden dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden falls
55
What are the clinical features of bipolar disorder?
Manic depression
episodes of elevated mood or agitated mood alternating with episodes of depression
56
Depression symptoms
- feeling very sad
- less interest in activities
- thinking and moving slowly
- feeling hopeless and guilty
- sleeping more than usual
57
Mania symptoms
- feeling very confident
- having lots of energy
- sleeping less than usual
- talking more
- getting distracted easily
- taking part in risky activities
58
Bipolar disorder Prodromal phase
subjects become withdrawn and spend most of their time alone
59
Bipolar disorder active phase
subjects experience severe sx
60
Bipolar disorder residual phase
subjects exhibit cognitive sx
61
Schizophrenia
Mental disorder characterized by a breakdown in thinking and poor emotional responses
62
Schizophrenia risk factors
genetics, environmental - substance abuse
63
Schizophrenia pathology
misfiring in dopaminergic neurons, meds that block dopamine decrease sx.
64
What is positive SX of schizophrenia?
Psychotic SX
65
What is negative SX of schizophrenia
Absence of normal behaviours
66
What is cognitive SX in schizophrenia
Unable to remember, learn, or understand things
67
Positive SX
- delusions (unshakable belief in something untrue)
- hallucinations (sensations experienced as real when they actually are not there)
- Disorganized speech (quickly jumping from 1 unrelated topic to another)
- Disorganized behavior (bizarre behaviors that is out of context)
- catatonic behavior (strange positions or long periods of motionlessness)
68
Negative SX
- lack of emotional expression
- lack of interest or enthusiasm
- speech difficulties and abnormalities
69
Seizures
sudden unprovoked, attacks of subjective experiential phenomena with altered awareness, involuntary movements, unusual sensations, inappropriate behavior, and convulsions
70
Seizures pathology
§ Finite event – beginning and end
§ Result of paroxysmal excessive discharge of cerebral neurons – leading to transient impairment or loss of consciousness
§ Typically characterized by convulsions (ie. Uncoordinated twitching of mms and spastic contractions) § Cerebral cortex particularly unstable and prone to seizure
§ Common sx of brain dysfunction
§ Having a single seizure doesn’t mean you have epilepsy
71
Epilepsy
Disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal causing recurrent and unpredictable seizures
72
Epilepsy risk factors
Affects anyone
73
Primary epilepsy
idiopathic – begins in childhood
74
Secondary epilepsy
· Drugs/toxins
· CNS infection
· Brain trauma
· Intracranial bleeding
· CNS tumor
· Metabolic disorders
· Fever
75
Focal seizures
Involve one area of the brain (eg. One hemisphere)
76
Generalized seizures
Involve widespread areas of the brain
77
Absence seizure
“Petite-mal” seizure, temporary cessation of consciousness; minor convulsion
78
Myoclonic seizure
Sudden brief mm contraction
79
Atomic seizure
Brief loss of consciousness and postural tone
80
Tonic-clonic seizure
“Grand-mal” seizure, loss of consciousness, rigidity, rapid jerking (clonus), loss of bladder and/or bowel control
o Attacks may be preceded by auras (eg. Sensory premonitions) & followed by postictal state (eg. Deep sleep, confusion, headache, mm soreness)
81
Status epilepticus seizure
Medical emergency – ongoing Grand-mal
82
Wernickie-korsdakoff’s syndrome
Vit B1 (thiamine) deficiency - that affects the brain
Wernicke’s encephalopathy and korsakoff’s syndrome combined
83
Wernicke-Korsdakoff’s syndrome risk factors
Idk lol
84
Wernicke-Korsdakoff’s syndrome symptoms
loss of muscle, pain/paresthesia/numbness; decreased DTRs, brain atrophy -> progressive cognitive and behavioral deterioration
85
Subdural hematomas are found between what meningeal layers?
located b/w the dura and the arachnoid
86
What population is prone to bacterial meningitis?
Older children, teens and adulthood infants and children
87
Bacterial meningitis
inflammation of meninges
88
Bacterial meningitis symptoms
sev HA, stiff/painful neck, fever
89
Bacterial meningitis brudzinski sign
hips and knees flex when neck is flex
90
Bacterial meningitis kernig’s sign
inability to straighten the leg when hip is flex to 90
91
Bacterial meningitis high intracranial pressure
irritability, drowsiness, confusion, seizures, coma
92
Bacterial meningitis bulging fontanelles (infants)
high fever, screaming, vomit, seizures
93
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Rapidly progressive neurological disorder associated with infection.
94
Guillain-Barré syndrome risk factors
bacterial (mycoplasma pneum); viral (haemophilus EBV, CMV). Vaccinations (flu vaccine) and surgery
95
Guillain-Barré syndrome pathology
acute autoimmune polyneuropathy -> antibodies attacks schwann cells -> complement and WBCs activation -> axon demyelination and degeneration.
