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Genpath 2 > Midterm 3 Nervous System > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

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2
Q

Chorea

A

Involuntary (unpredictable) rapid movements

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3
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to talk

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4
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to interpret sensation and thus, recognize things

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5
Q

Alexia

A

Inability to read

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6
Q

Primary headaches

A

tension, migraine and cluster headaches

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7
Q

Tension HA

A

diffuse head pain and most common type of headache

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8
Q

Tension HA risk factors

A

stress, anxiety, or poor cervical posture

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9
Q

Tension HA symptoms

A

dull pain; pressure around the head (forehead, neck, and behind eyes)

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10
Q

Episodic tension HA

A

associated with a stressful event
moderate intensity, self-limiting, and usually responsive to non-prescription drugs

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11
Q

Chronic tension HA

A

associated with contracted muscles of the neck and scalp
bilateral and usually occipito-frontal

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12
Q

Migraine

A

severe head pain accompanied by sensibility to sensory stimuli

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13
Q

Migraine risk factors

A

multiple triggered (food, stress, menstruating, environmental) women

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14
Q

Migraine pathology

A

vasoconstriction -> hypoxia -> then vasodilation (possible role of serotonin)

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15
Q

Migraine symptoms

A

Prodrome (aura) - mood changes, loss of appetite, paresthesia (hands & face mostly); disturbances in vision, sensation, balance, or speech

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16
Q

Migraine attacks

A

throbbing unilateral pain; nausea & vomiting; sensitivity to sensory stimuli (light, sounds, smells)

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17
Q

Postdrome

A

sore where headache occurred; impaired thinking

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18
Q

Cluster HA

A

Series of short (up to 2hrs) but extremely painful headaches, Occur in clusters - lasting days to weeks, then can disappear for months/years

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19
Q

Cluster HA risk factors

A

unknown; genetics; smoking; alcohol; hypothalamus dysfunction

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20
Q

Cluster HA pathology

A

vascular dilation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, histamine release, & ANS activation

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21
Q

Cluster HA symptoms

A

extreme pain - excruciating pain (known to lead to suicide). Rapid onset unilateral. Autonomic changes -> lacrimation, nasal discharge, flushed skin, sweating

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22
Q

What type of bleeding is linked to “thunderclap” headache?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage = located b/w the arachnoid and the pia

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23
Q

What’s Bells palsy?

A

Idiopathic facial paralysis
most common form of facial paralysis - no relation to stroke

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24
Q

Bell’s palsy risk factors

A

unilateral - facial nerve (CN VII), possible viral connection to (HSV 1)

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25
Q

Bell’s palsy pathology

A

inflammation -> compression (w/ auditory canal) -> axonal damage

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26
Q

Bell’s palsy symptoms

A

facial paralysis with rapid onset, usually overnight; may be preceded by sev pain over the mastoid &/or fullness in the ear; asymmetrical facial appearance; possible changes in taste, hearing, & lacrimation (tears)

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27
Q

Bell’s palsy appearance

A

face: inability to wrinkle brow, drooping eyelid; inability to close eye; inability to puff cheeks; no mm tone; drooping mouth; inability to smile or pucker

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28
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive, degenerative. Low dopamine in the basal ganglia. Rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia. Irreversible disease

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29
Q

Parkinson’s diagnosis

A

neurodegenerative disorder that affects “dopaminergic” neurons in a specific area of the brain called substantia nigra

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30
Q

Parkinson’s risk factors

A

adults over 50 (men). Unknown, genetic, environmental - certain toxins (pesticides)

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31
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Chronic, progressive, sclerotic lesions.
Axon demyelination; plaques in white matter
Abnormal immune fn - cells cross BBB

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32
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily striatal neurons, but also the cerebral cortex.

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33
Q

Huntington’s disease risk factors

A

rare; onset usually 30-40yrs old; disease course lasts 20yrs; males and females equal risk; occurs in all races; genetic - inherited defect in a single huntingtin (HTT) gene (chromosome 4); HTT gene contains DNA sequence of 3 nucleotides (cytosine, adenine, and guanine) in repetition; people with >40 repeats in the HTT develop this disease.

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34
Q

Huntington’s disease pathology

A

mutated from clusters within neurons -> degeneration/loss of neurons -> atrophy of the basal ganglia and frontal cortex -> altered neurotransmitters production -> imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals -> chorea; irreversible and progressive disease

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35
Q

Huntington’s disease motor abnormalities

A
  • impairments in involuntary and voluntary movements
  • chorea (involuntary rapid movements of trunk and limbs)
  • muscle rigidity or mm contracture (dystonia)
  • imoaired gait, posture, and balance
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36
Q

Huntington’s disease cognitive abnormalities

A
  • impairments in thinking and communicating
  • difficulty organizing, prioritizing, or focusing on tasks
  • mental incapacitation -> progressive dementia
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37
Q

Huntington’s psychiatric abnormalities

A
  • depression and other psychiatric disorders - risk of suicide
  • social withdraw, irritability, apathy, insomnia, anorexia, sleep disorders
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38
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive impairment (dementia)

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39
Q

Alzheimer’s risk factors

A

most common form of neurodegenerative disease in older people. Unknown/idiopathic - later onset (60’s), genetic - early onset (40’s) - triggered by excess caffeine, sleep deprivation, poor diet, vascular disease. Changes in chromosomes 21 and 19.

40
Q

Alzheimer’s pathology

A

degeneration of neurons, atrophy of the frontal and temporal cortex, narrowing of gyri, widening of sulci, mental deterioration. histologic features (senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) in gray matter. irreversible and progressive disease

41
Q

Alzheimer’s symptoms

A

progressive cognitive decline (dementia), gradual memory loss (short term -> long term); impaired visuospatial abilities that are not due to eyesight problems; impaired speaking, reading, and writing

42
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

motoneuron disease (MND) = lou gehrig’s disease
motor weakness and progressive wasting of muscles in the extremities, leading to generalized muscle loss and death

43
Q

ALS risk factors

A

rare; typically men and women between 55-75yrs old; unknown (90%); genetic (10% gene mutation on chromosome 21); immunologic

44
Q

ALS pathology

A

degeneration and scarring of upper and lower motor neurons; loss of motor neurons in spinal cord, midbrain and cerebral cortex; loss of lat corticospinal pathway in spinal cord; lat parts of the white matter replaced w/ sclerosis; skeletal mm atrophy; irreversible and degenerative disease.

45
Q

ALS symptoms

A

mm weaken, twitch (fasciculations), and waste (atrophy)

46
Q

ALS early stages symptoms

A
  • mm weakness or stiffness
  • mm cramping and fasciculations (involuntary twitching) +- mm atrophy
  • fatigue, poor balance, slurred words, weak grip.. other minor sx
47
Q

ALS middle stages symptoms

A
  • some mms are paralyzed, while others are weakened or unaffected
  • fasciculations may continue; unused mm may cause contractures
  • choking and respiratory insufficiency (esp when lying down)
48
Q

ALS late stages symptoms

A
  • most voluntary mm are paralyzed; respiratory mm are compromised
  • speech, eating, and drinking by mouth may not be possible
  • immobile; fatigue; incontinence
  • mental awareness is lost
49
Q

Which cranial nerve is affected in trigeminal neuralgia

A

Tic douloureux = intense paroxysms of lancinating pain of cranial nerve V.

50
Q

What’s an aneurysm

A

Bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall. Can rupture

51
Q

What’s an ischemic stroke

A

Related to atherosclerosis of the cerebral arteries or thromboembolic occlusion of the cerebral arteries Most common type of stroke
Cerebrovascular disease

52
Q

Stroke risk factors

A

thrombotic occlusion of an atherosclerotic cerebral artery. Thromboemboli originating in the heart chamber (MI) or on the cardiac valves (endocarditis)
High BP, heart disease, oral contraceptives, high cholesterol, excessive alcohol, diabetes, smoking, high RBC count, obesity, drugs

53
Q

Signs of a stroke

A

occlusion of the middle cerebral artery results in:
- contralateral hemiplegia (loss of capacity to move the extremities)
- sensory loss on the same side of the body
- bilateral symmetric loss of vision in half the visual fields
- eyes deviating to the side of the lesion
- aphasia

54
Q

Signs of an acute stroke

A
  • sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg
  • sudden abnormal or loss of sensation on one side of the body
  • sudden confusion; difficulty speaking or understanding speech
  • sudden severe HA - no identifiable cause
  • sudden blurring or loss of vision
  • sudden dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden falls
55
Q

What are the clinical features of bipolar disorder?

A

Manic depression
episodes of elevated mood or agitated mood alternating with episodes of depression

56
Q

Depression symptoms

A
  • feeling very sad
  • less interest in activities
  • thinking and moving slowly
  • feeling hopeless and guilty
  • sleeping more than usual
57
Q

Mania symptoms

A
  • feeling very confident
  • having lots of energy
  • sleeping less than usual
  • talking more
  • getting distracted easily
  • taking part in risky activities
58
Q

Bipolar disorder Prodromal phase

A

subjects become withdrawn and spend most of their time alone

59
Q

Bipolar disorder active phase

A

subjects experience severe sx

60
Q

Bipolar disorder residual phase

A

subjects exhibit cognitive sx

61
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Mental disorder characterized by a breakdown in thinking and poor emotional responses

62
Q

Schizophrenia risk factors

A

genetics, environmental - substance abuse

63
Q

Schizophrenia pathology

A

misfiring in dopaminergic neurons, meds that block dopamine decrease sx.

64
Q

What is positive SX of schizophrenia?

A

Psychotic SX

65
Q

What is negative SX of schizophrenia

A

Absence of normal behaviours

66
Q

What is cognitive SX in schizophrenia

A

Unable to remember, learn, or understand things

67
Q

Positive SX

A
  • delusions (unshakable belief in something untrue)
  • hallucinations (sensations experienced as real when they actually are not there)
  • Disorganized speech (quickly jumping from 1 unrelated topic to another)
  • Disorganized behavior (bizarre behaviors that is out of context)
  • catatonic behavior (strange positions or long periods of motionlessness)
68
Q

Negative SX

A
  • lack of emotional expression
  • lack of interest or enthusiasm
  • speech difficulties and abnormalities
69
Q

Seizures

A

sudden unprovoked, attacks of subjective experiential phenomena with altered awareness, involuntary movements, unusual sensations, inappropriate behavior, and convulsions

70
Q

Seizures pathology

A

§ Finite event – beginning and end
§ Result of paroxysmal excessive discharge of cerebral neurons – leading to transient impairment or loss of consciousness
§ Typically characterized by convulsions (ie. Uncoordinated twitching of mms and spastic contractions) § Cerebral cortex particularly unstable and prone to seizure
§ Common sx of brain dysfunction
§ Having a single seizure doesn’t mean you have epilepsy

71
Q

Epilepsy

A

Disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal causing recurrent and unpredictable seizures

72
Q

Epilepsy risk factors

A

Affects anyone

73
Q

Primary epilepsy

A

idiopathic – begins in childhood

74
Q

Secondary epilepsy

A

· Drugs/toxins
· CNS infection
· Brain trauma
· Intracranial bleeding
· CNS tumor
· Metabolic disorders
· Fever

75
Q

Focal seizures

A

Involve one area of the brain (eg. One hemisphere)

76
Q

Generalized seizures

A

Involve widespread areas of the brain

77
Q

Absence seizure

A

“Petite-mal” seizure, temporary cessation of consciousness; minor convulsion

78
Q

Myoclonic seizure

A

Sudden brief mm contraction

79
Q

Atomic seizure

A

Brief loss of consciousness and postural tone

80
Q

Tonic-clonic seizure

A

“Grand-mal” seizure, loss of consciousness, rigidity, rapid jerking (clonus), loss of bladder and/or bowel control
o Attacks may be preceded by auras (eg. Sensory premonitions) & followed by postictal state (eg. Deep sleep, confusion, headache, mm soreness)

81
Q

Status epilepticus seizure

A

Medical emergency – ongoing Grand-mal

82
Q

Wernickie-korsdakoff’s syndrome

A

Vit B1 (thiamine) deficiency - that affects the brain
Wernicke’s encephalopathy and korsakoff’s syndrome combined

83
Q

Wernicke-Korsdakoff’s syndrome risk factors

A

Idk lol

84
Q

Wernicke-Korsdakoff’s syndrome symptoms

A

loss of muscle, pain/paresthesia/numbness; decreased DTRs, brain atrophy -> progressive cognitive and behavioral deterioration

85
Q

Subdural hematomas are found between what meningeal layers?

A

located b/w the dura and the arachnoid

86
Q

What population is prone to bacterial meningitis?

A

Older children, teens and adulthood infants and children

87
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

88
Q

Bacterial meningitis symptoms

A

sev HA, stiff/painful neck, fever

89
Q

Bacterial meningitis brudzinski sign

A

hips and knees flex when neck is flex

90
Q

Bacterial meningitis kernig’s sign

A

inability to straighten the leg when hip is flex to 90

91
Q

Bacterial meningitis high intracranial pressure

A

irritability, drowsiness, confusion, seizures, coma

92
Q

Bacterial meningitis bulging fontanelles (infants)

A

high fever, screaming, vomit, seizures

93
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Rapidly progressive neurological disorder associated with infection.

94
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome risk factors

A

bacterial (mycoplasma pneum); viral (haemophilus EBV, CMV). Vaccinations (flu vaccine) and surgery

95
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome pathology

A

acute autoimmune polyneuropathy -> antibodies attacks schwann cells -> complement and WBCs activation -> axon demyelination and degeneration.

Genpath 2 (7 decks)

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