Midterm 3 Endocrine Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is Addison’s disease
Usually caused by adrenal destruction (adrenocortical hypo function)
Results from deficient aldosterone and cortisol
Symptoms of Addison’s disease
↓ Aldosterone: fluid & electrolyte imbalances, ↑ Na excretion, Dehydration, ↓ BP, ↓ CO, Weakened CV activity, Circulatory collapse, Shock, Arrhythmias & possible cardiac arrest (K retention)
↓ Cortisol: ↓ gluconeogenesis, Hypoglycemia, Deficient glycogen in liver, Weakness, Exhaustion, Low BP,freq syncope fainting, Anorexia, Wt. loss, Nausea/vomiting, Low mood/depression, Fatigue, Susceptible to infections, Cannot tolerate stress, Hyper-pigmentation of mucous membranes & skin – ‘tanned’ appearance, ACTH cannot stim the secretion of corticosteroids (used for dx)
What is conn’s disease
Hyperaldosteronism (hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids (aldosterone))
Conn’s disease risk factors
Adenoma and hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa
Conn’s disease pathology
aldosterone ↑, the reabsorption of sodium (water follows) and excretion of potassium
Conn’s disease symptoms
- hypertension (hypernatremic hypokalemic hypertension)
- hypernatremia
- hypopotassemia or hypokalemia (low level of potassium)
- feeling tired
- H.A.
- mm weakness
What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Autoimmune disease. most common type of hypothyroidism. 10x more common in women (middle aged) than men. Temporary thyroid hyperfunctioning
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis pathology
Thyroid gland is attacked by various autoantibodies
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis symptoms
underactive thyroid (i.e. hypothyroidism sx); goiter (due to constant stimulation of the thyroid to release more hormones)
What is cretinism
Retarded mental development
A condition characterized by physical deformity & learning disabilities that is caused by congenital thyroid deficiency.
Cushing disease
Hypersecretion of ACTH from pituitary adenomas (70%)
Most common adrenal cortex disease
Pituitary HYPERfunction
Cushing syndrome
Hypercortisolism (ie. Too much of the hormone cortisol in the body) of any cause
HYPERcortisolism – hypersecretion of glucocorticoids (Cortisol).
Most common adrenal cortex disease
Hypersecretion of ACTH from pituitary adenomas
Cushing disease/syndrome symptoms
- central obesity - face, trunk (moon face, buffalo hump)
- red face
- thinning hair
- extremities with mm wasting
- fatigue, weakness
- glucose intolerance/diabetes
- purple striations on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, breasts
- mentally unstable
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune disorder (thyroid components become autoantigenic)
10x more in women than men.
Grave’s disease pathology
Antibodies to TSH receptors on the surface of follicular cells -> stimulate the production of thyroid hormone. Thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins -> proliferation of thyroid follicular cells
Grave’s disease symptoms
- diffusely enlarged thyroid
- exophthalmos (i.e. bulging eyes)
- restlessness, nervousness, emotional lability, anxiety
- sweating, tachycardia, cardiac palpation
- weight loss with increased appetite
- muscular tremor, diarrhea
What are causes for gigantism and acromegaly?
Pituitary hyperfunction: somatotropic adenomas (large, benign tumors (i.e.macroadenomas >10mm)).
What’s the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?
Gigantism is prepuberty, longitudinal skeletal growth; 7-9ft tall.
Acromegaly is in adults, enlargement of extremities, tongue, jaws, and nose. enlarged internal organs (e.g cardiomegaly). Metabolic disturbances (e.g. hyperglycemia, hypercalcemia)
Hypothyroidism
Functional failure of the thyroid gland & its inability to meet the body’s demands for thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Hypothyroidism symptoms
Children: ↓ growth and development of CNS
Thyroid dwarfism - stunted child growth
Cretinism - retarded mental development
Adults: Myxedema - skin appears puffy and dough-like sleepy, gets tired easily lack of endurance
constipation
bradycardia
weak, stiff and achy mm
lowered body temperature
slowing the function of all organs
Hyperthyroidism
excess of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the blood -> hypermetabolic state.
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
AI – Grave’s Disease
Idiopathic nodular hyperplasia – Toxic Goiter
Tumor – Thyroid Adenoma
Rare: Temporary thyroid hyperfunctioning – Hashimoto’s Disease, Uncontrolled intake of thyroid hormone pills – self-tx of obesity
Hyperparathyroidism
↑ levels of PTH circulating in the blood
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Tumor, hyperplasia
