Midterm 2 Respiratory System

Question 1

Pneumothorax

Answer 1

a buildup of air in the pleural cavity, defect in the chest wall or visceral pleura

Question 2

Hypoxemia

Answer 2

Low oxygen levels in arterial blood
(hypoxia = low oxygen levels in tissues)

Question 3

Orthopnea

Answer 3

Form of dyspnea that occurs when lying flat (commonly a sign of heart failure)

Question 4

Pyothorax

Answer 4

Or empyema = pus fills the pleural cavity / pus encapsulated by fibrous tissue into pockets

Question 5

Cyanosis

Answer 5

Bluish colour of the skin or mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in blood

Question 6

What is COPD

Answer 6

Chronic respiratory disorder is largely caused by smoking and characterized by progressive, partially reversible, airflow obstruction. = chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Question 7

Risk factors for COPD

Answer 7

smoking, exposure to dusts, fumes, chemicals, pollutants, genetic deficiency of a-1 antitrypsin (emphysema)

Question 8

What are the main features of COPD

Answer 8

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

Question 9

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 9

*Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by chronic productive cough lasting for at least 3 months during 2 consecutive years
*Chronic remodeling of the bronchial lining
*Caused by smoking
*Blue bloater

Question 10

Blue bloater

Answer 10

*Persistent cough
*Sputum production (white/yellow)
*Shortness of breath
*Recurrent infections, cyanosis

Question 11

Emphysema

Answer 11

*Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles w/ destruction of the alveolar walls
*Smoking
*Irreversible destruction of the alveolar wall
*Centrilobular emphysema
· Most common form – involves respiratory bronchioles
*Panacinar emphysema
· A-1 antitrypsin deficiency – involves air spaces dist to terminal bronchioles
*Pink Puffer

Question 12

Pink Puffer

Answer 12

*Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
*Tachypnea (hyperventilation)
*Barrel chest
*Calloused elbows

Question 13

What is pneumoconiosis

Answer 13

Environmental and occupational lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation (and deposition) of material dusts, fumes, and inorganic particulate matter

Question 14

What is tuberculosis

Answer 14

Chronic contagious infection caused by the airborne bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 15

Tuberculosis risk factors

Answer 15

Very young children or advanced age
Tobacco, drug, alcohol use
Immunocompromised subjects

Question 16

Primary TB

Answer 16

Non contagious

Question 17

Latent TB

Answer 17

Non contagious

Question 18

Secondary TB

Answer 18

Contagious

Question 19

What is restrictive lung disease

Answer 19

Pulmonary or extrapulmonary diseases that restrict lung expansion

Question 20

Restrictive lung disease symptoms

Answer 20

shortness of breath, especially with exertion, chronic cough, usually dry

Question 21

Intrinsic lung disease

Answer 21

chronic inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue

Question 22

Extrinsic lung disease

Answer 22

complication with tissues/structures outside the lungs

Question 23

Sinusitis

Answer 23

Inflammation of paranasal (maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid) sinuses.

Question 24

Viral sinusitis

Answer 24

pain, tenderness, nasal congestion, HA.

Question 25

Bacterial sinusitis

Answer 25

yellow/green pus from the nose, pain, reduced ability to smell (hyposmia), bad breath, fever, chills.

Question 26

Laryngitis

Answer 26

Acute inflammation of larynx (life threatening condition) Sx: barking cough, inspiratory stridor, fever, sore throat, tachypnea, voice/hoarseness, cyanosis, respiratory distress

Question 27

Pneumonia

Answer 27

Inflammation of lung parenchyma

Question 28

Alveolar pneumonia

Answer 28

intra-alveolar inflammation (mostly due to bacteria) bronchopneumonia (focal alveolar pneumonia) lobar pneumonia (diffuse alveolar pneumonia)

Question 29

Interstitial pneumonia

Answer 29

(alveolar septa inflammation) mostly due to virus

Question 30

Acute vs chronic pneumonia

Answer 30

acute - bacteria/viral chronic - tuberculosis and fungal

Question 31

Acute rhinitis

Answer 31

Inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose Sx: runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion

Question 32

How is Chronic Bronchitis diagnosed? Which symptoms need to be met?

Answer 32

Chronic productive cough lasting for at least 3 months during 2 consecutive years

Question 33

What is sarcoidosis

Answer 33

Multi Systemic granulomatous disease Sx: enlarged lymph nodes, dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, fever

Question 34

What is lung abscess

Answer 34

Chronic condition characterized by pus-filled cavity in the lung surrounded by inflamed tissue and caused by an infection Sx: productive cough (foul smelling sputum), dyspnea, chest pain, loss of appetite, sweating during the night, cyanosis, clubbing, fever, chills, malaise

Question 35

What is bronchiectasis

Answer 35

Irreversible dilation and destruction of the airways, associated with chronic bacterial infections. An extreme form of chronic bronchitis Sx: persistent cough with copious (>50ml) purulent sputum, cough is worse in the morning, foul breath

Question 36

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 36

Abnormal mucus and secretions in the respiratory system (but also in the pancreas, intestines, reproductive organs, sweat glands). Sx: productive cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and frequent respiratory tract infections, weight loss, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, clubbing, cyanosis (throughout life).

Question 37

What is cor pulmonale

Answer 37

Right sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

Question 38

What is sleep apnea? How to recognize?

Answer 38

Sleep disorder characterized by complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time (-20secs) Sx: loud snoring and gasping for air during sleep, morning HA and irritability, extreme fatigue, difficulties with memory and concentration

Question 39

Intrinsic asthma

Answer 39

non-allergic, precipitated by non-immune mechanisms physical factors (cold or heat) exercise, psychological stress, bronchial infection aspirin usually adult onset