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Genpath 2 > Midterm 2 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumothorax

A

a buildup of air in the pleural cavity, defect in the chest wall or visceral pleura

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2
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low oxygen levels in arterial blood
(hypoxia = low oxygen levels in tissues)

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3
Q

Orthopnea

A

Form of dyspnea that occurs when lying flat (commonly a sign of heart failure)

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4
Q

Pyothorax

A

Or empyema = pus fills the pleural cavity / pus encapsulated by fibrous tissue into pockets

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5
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish colour of the skin or mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in blood

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6
Q

What is COPD

A

Chronic respiratory disorder is largely caused by smoking and characterized by progressive, partially reversible, airflow obstruction. = chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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7
Q

Risk factors for COPD

A

smoking, exposure to dusts, fumes, chemicals, pollutants, genetic deficiency of a-1 antitrypsin (emphysema)

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8
Q

What are the main features of COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

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9
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

*Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by chronic productive cough lasting for at least 3 months during 2 consecutive years
*Chronic remodeling of the bronchial lining
*Caused by smoking
*Blue bloater

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10
Q

Blue bloater

A

*Persistent cough
*Sputum production (white/yellow)
*Shortness of breath
*Recurrent infections, cyanosis

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11
Q

Emphysema

A

*Obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles w/ destruction of the alveolar walls
*Smoking
*Irreversible destruction of the alveolar wall
*Centrilobular emphysema
· Most common form – involves respiratory bronchioles
*Panacinar emphysema
· A-1 antitrypsin deficiency – involves air spaces dist to terminal bronchioles
*Pink Puffer

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12
Q

Pink Puffer

A

*Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
*Tachypnea (hyperventilation)
*Barrel chest
*Calloused elbows

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13
Q

What is pneumoconiosis

A

Environmental and occupational lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation (and deposition) of material dusts, fumes, and inorganic particulate matter

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14
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Chronic contagious infection caused by the airborne bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis

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15
Q

Tuberculosis risk factors

A

Very young children or advanced age
Tobacco, drug, alcohol use
Immunocompromised subjects

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16
Q

Primary TB

A

Non contagious

17
Q

Latent TB

A

Non contagious

18
Q

Secondary TB

A

Contagious

19
Q

What is restrictive lung disease

A

Pulmonary or extrapulmonary diseases that restrict lung expansion

20
Q

Restrictive lung disease symptoms

A

shortness of breath, especially with exertion, chronic cough, usually dry

21
Q

Intrinsic lung disease

A

chronic inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue

22
Q

Extrinsic lung disease

A

complication with tissues/structures outside the lungs

23
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of paranasal (maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid) sinuses.

24
Q

Viral sinusitis

A

pain, tenderness, nasal congestion, HA.

25
Q

Bacterial sinusitis

A

yellow/green pus from the nose, pain, reduced ability to smell (hyposmia), bad breath, fever, chills.

26
Q

Laryngitis

A

Acute inflammation of larynx (life threatening condition)
Sx: barking cough, inspiratory stridor, fever, sore throat, tachypnea, voice/hoarseness, cyanosis, respiratory distress

27
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lung parenchyma

28
Q

Alveolar pneumonia

A

intra-alveolar inflammation (mostly due to bacteria)
bronchopneumonia (focal alveolar pneumonia)
lobar pneumonia (diffuse alveolar pneumonia)

29
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

(alveolar septa inflammation) mostly due to virus

30
Q

Acute vs chronic pneumonia

A

acute - bacteria/viral
chronic - tuberculosis and fungal

31
Q

Acute rhinitis

A

Inflammation and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose
Sx: runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion

32
Q

How is Chronic Bronchitis diagnosed? Which symptoms need to be met?

A

Chronic productive cough lasting for at least 3 months during 2 consecutive years

33
Q

What is sarcoidosis

A

Multi Systemic granulomatous disease
Sx: enlarged lymph nodes, dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, fever

34
Q

What is lung abscess

A

Chronic condition characterized by pus-filled cavity in the lung surrounded by inflamed tissue and caused by an infection
Sx: productive cough (foul smelling sputum), dyspnea, chest pain, loss of appetite, sweating during the night, cyanosis, clubbing, fever, chills, malaise

35
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Irreversible dilation and destruction of the airways, associated with chronic bacterial infections. An extreme form of chronic bronchitis
Sx: persistent cough with copious (>50ml) purulent sputum, cough is worse in the morning, foul breath

36
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Abnormal mucus and secretions in the respiratory system (but also in the pancreas, intestines, reproductive organs, sweat glands).
Sx: productive cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and frequent respiratory tract infections, weight loss, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, clubbing, cyanosis (throughout life).

37
Q

What is cor pulmonale

A

Right sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension

38
Q

What is sleep apnea? How to recognize?

A

Sleep disorder characterized by complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time (-20secs)
Sx: loud snoring and gasping for air during sleep, morning HA and irritability, extreme fatigue, difficulties with memory and concentration

39
Q

Intrinsic asthma

A

non-allergic,
precipitated by non-immune mechanisms
physical factors (cold or heat) exercise, psychological stress, bronchial infection
aspirin
usually adult onset

Genpath 2 (7 decks)

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