Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
seeks to understand the biochemical processes behind the behavior of all living creatures.
A
Biopsychology
2
Q
process of transmission of genetic characteristics from the parent to the offspring
A
heredity
3
Q
life begins at-
A
conception (union of sperm and egg)
4
Q
chromosomes comes from Greek words meaning-
A
colored bodies
5
Q
rope-like structures found in the nucleus of the cell; contain thousands of genes
A
chromosomes
6
Q
Each chromosome in the zygote’s nucleus carries thousands of even smaller particles -
A
genes
7
Q
basic unit of heredity
A
gene
8
Q
genes are composed of-
A
DNA
9
Q
human cell conatins _ chromosomes
A
46
10
Q
carrier of hereditary information within the genes
A
DNA
11
Q
instructions of DNA are carried out by-
A
RNA
12
Q
Principles of Heredity
A
Principle of Chance Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness Sex-Linked Traits Principle of Reproduction Principle of Variation
13
Q
sex chromosomes
A
pair 23
14
Q
located at the rear of the skull, is the lowest portion of the brain
A
hindbrain
15
Q
3 main parts of hindbrain
A
medulla, cerebellum, pons
16
Q
begins where the spinal cord enters the skull
A
medulla
17
Q
function of medulla
A
helps control breathing and regulates a portion of the feglexes that allow us to maintain an upright posture
18
Q
extends from the rear of the hindbrain and is located above the medulla
consists of two rounded structures thought to play important roles in motor control
leg and arm movement are coordinated here
A
cerebellum
19
Q
a bridge in the hindbrain that contains several clusters of fibers involved in sleep and arousal
A
pons
20
Q
located between hindbrain and forebrain
an area where many nerve fiber systems ascend and descend to connect the higher and lower portions of the brain.
A
midbrain
21
Q
function of midbrain
A
relays information between brain and the eyes and ears
ability to attend to an object visually
22
Q
is a diffuse collection of neurons involved in stereotyped behavior such as walking, sleeping or orienting to sudden noise
A
reticular formation
23
Q
nerve fibers originate in _____ and terminate at _______
A
thalamus
24
Q
small groups of neurons in the midbrain that send their axons to a remarkable variety of brain regions
involved in high-level integrative functions
A
basal ganglia
25
three parts of hindbrain
medulla
cerebellum
pons
26
structures of forebrain
```
thalamus
hypothalamus
endocrine system
limbic system
cerebrum
```
27
about the size of a peach pit and sits at the top of the brain stem in the central core of the brain
thalamus
28
function of thalamus
serves as a very important relay station, functioning much like a telephone switchboard between the diverse areas of the cortex and the reticular formation
29
much smaller than the thalamus and about the size of a kidney bean/pea, located just below thalamus
hypothalamus
30
functions of hypothalamus
monitors three enjoyable activities- eating, drinking, sex
helps direct endocrine system through pituitary gland
emotion, stress, reward
31
master switchboard
hypothalamus
32
master gland
pituitary gland
33
loosely connected network of structures under the cerebral cortex; plays important roles in both memory and emotion
limbic system
34
two principal structures of limbic system:
amygdala
| hippocampus
35
involved in emotion and in the discrimination of objects that are important in the organism's survival
includes appropriate food, mates, social rivals
amygdala
36
has a special role in the storage of memories
hippocampus
37
other name of cerebral cortex
cerebrum
38
largest part of the brain in volume and covers the lower portions of the brain like a large cap
cerebrum
39
cortex comes from Latin word for
bark
40
thickness of cerebral cortex
2-6 mm
41
right and left sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called
corpus callosum
42
bump or bulge on the cortex
gyrus
43
groove
sulcus
44
functions of cerebral cortex
```
thought
voluntary movement
language
reasoning
perception
```
45
cerebellum comes from Latin word
little brain
46
located behind the brain stem
cerebellum
47
functions of cerebellum
movement
balance
posture
48
general term for the area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord
brain stem
49
structures of brain stem
```
medulla
pons
tectum
reticular formation
tegmentum
```
50
functions of brain stem
breathing
heart rate
blood pressure
51
functions of hypothalamus
```
body temperature
emotions
hunger
thirst
circadian rhythm
```
52
hypothalamus controls this part
pituitary gland
53
receives sensory information and relays this information to the cerebral cortex
thalamus
54
functions
sensory processing
| movement
55
group of structures that includes amygdala, hippocampus, mammillary bodies and cingulate gyrus
limbic system
56
functions of limbic system
emotions
57
one part of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning
hippocampus
58
group of structures, include the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, cubthalamic nucleus, putamen and substatia nigra
basal ganglia
59
function of basal ganglia
movement
60
includes structures such as the superior and inferior colliculi and red nucleus
midbrain
61
functions of midbrain
vision
audition
eye movement
body movement
62
scattered masses of tissues found in various parts of the body
endocrine glands
63
endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers known as
hormones
64
master gland
pituitary gland
65
located in the neck, in front of the windpipe and weighs less than an ounce
thyroid gland
66
underactivity of thyroid gland
| results to laziness and dullness
hypothyroidism
67
oversized tongue, chalky shaped teeth, mental retardation
cretinis
68
lack of iodine (hypothyroidism)
goiter
69
play an important role in sal and carbohydrate metabolism
adrenal androgens
70
adrenal androgens produce condition ____ in males
virilism
71
emergency hormones
adrenalin
| noradrenalin
72
regulizes utilization of calcium and phosphorus
parathormone
73
too much parathormone and inhibits nervous activity
lethargy
74
too little parathormone
| characterized by intermittent, involuntary muscle twitching and spasms, convulsion, eventual death
tetany
75
hormones secreted by testes
testosterone
| testicular androgen
76
prepares female for pregnancy, birth, lactation
progesterone
77
excess supply in sugar in blood
diabetes mellitus
78
oversupply of insulin
| a condition of chronic fatigue
hypoglycemia
79
acts on reproductive organs
melatonin
80
insufficient melatonin
advances appearance of secondary sex characteristics
81
hold back sexual development
thymus
82
reaches mature size before puberty and then disappears
thymus
83
if thymus disappears too early,
puberty may be accelerated
84
if thymus persist to exist
lead to a retarded sexual development or sexually infantile adult
85
the process of interpreting sensations-making them meaningful
organization of sensory input into meaningful experience
perception
86
serves the function of converting raw sensory input into useful information
perceiving
87
Things to remember about conception
Perception is a matter of identifying the environmental referent of the sensory input and of anticipating its properties
Perception serves an encoding process
We act as though we use a strategy in perceiving
88
the object or event that is being perceived
referent
89
direction of perception toward selected objects
attention
90
readiness to perceive, a pre-perceptive set of expectancy based on one's interests and motivations, as well as on the nature of the stimuli which impinge upon us
attention
91
3 standpoints of attentive process
adjustment of the sense organs
adjustment of posture
muscle tension are involved in any adjustment of posture
92
principles of perceptual organization
```
figure and ground relationships
contour
grouping
camouflage or contrast
law of pragnanz
```
93
Organize stimuli into central or "goreground" figure and a background
figure and ground relationships
94
usually in front of or on top of what we perceive as background
figure
95
"flows" around the shape of the figure; it has not edges of its own
background
96
boundary between a figure and its ground that separate figure from ground
contour
97
causes us to perceive separate stimuli as parts of larger wholes
grouping
98
4 laws of grouping
similarity
proximity
closure
continuity
99
when parts of a stimulus configuration are perceives as similar, they will also be perceived as belonging together
law of similarity
100
elements that are near each other are perceived as a line or group
law of proximity
101
any stimuli that might suggest a continuous, closed contour can be automatically organized into a figure by human perceptual processes
law of closure
102
holds that we link individual elements so they form a continuous line or pattern that makes sense to us
law of continuity
103
is important to some animals in that thier coloration which blend in with their background may hide them form predators
camouflage or contrast
104
a stimulus will be organized into as good a figure as possible
good means symmetrical, simple, regular
law of pragnanz
105
perceptions that tend to be misleading
| also involve other senses
illusions
106
Illusions
Illusion in the perception of distance
illusion in the perception of depth
the perception of motion
107
illusion in the perception of distance
muller-lyer illusion
| ponzo illusion
108
is experienced when we witness a motion picture
illusion in the perception of motion
109
succession of still images, appearing in slightly different positions one after the other at a suitable rate
phi-phenomenon
110
conversation of two-dimensional information into three dimensions
is also a function of the auditory sense
perception of depth
111
perception of depth
zollner illusion
112
auditory perceptions
perception of distance
| perception of direction
113
cues of perception of direction
time differential
intensity differential
ripple
114
split second is involved in 2 ears
| permits the person to judge the direction of the sound
time differential
115
when a sound originates on one side of the head, the full strength of the sound wave goes into the ear on that side
intensity differential
116
the wave character of sound
ripple
117
unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by real or potential injury or damage to the body or described in terms of such damage
pain
118
3 part warning system of pain
warns of injury
pain protects against further injury
leads to a period of reduced activity
119
cognitive strategies for increasing pain tolerance
concentrating and focusing your attention on other things and attempting to ignore the pain
dissociation
association
imagining that the affected part of your body is numb and insensitive
making positive self-statements to yourself
120
readiness to perceive in a certain manner
set or perceptual set
121
perceptual set is determined by
past experience
| context
122
ESP
telepathy
clairvoyance
psychokinesis
precognition
123
refers to the transfer of thoughts between individuals
telepathy
124
refers to the perception of objects or events that are not availablte to the senses
clairvoyance
125
is the ability to influence movement of material bodies by power of thought alone
psychokinesis
126
is the ability to predict the future
precognition
127
the study of ESP
parapsychology
