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AP Comp Sci P > Midterm review > Flashcards

Midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

Innovation

A

A novel or improved idea, device, product or the development thereof.

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2
Q

Bit

A

A contraction of “Binary Digit”

the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

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3
Q

Byte

A

8 bits

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4
Q

Binary number

A

A base 2 number with two possible different digits

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5
Q

Decimal number

A

A base 10 number with ten possible different digits

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6
Q

Hexadecimal number

A

A base 16 number with sixteen possible different digits

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7
Q

Overflow error

A

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

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8
Q

Round off error

A

Error rom attempting to represent a number that is too precise
The value is rounded

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9
Q

ASCII

A

American Standard Code Information Interchange
Universally recognized raw test format that any computer can understand

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10
Q

Image

A

A type of data used for graphics or pictures

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11
Q

Pixel

A

“Picture element”
Fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color for a larger image

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12
Q

Metadata

A

Data that describes other data
Ex. digital image may include metadata that describes the size of the image, the number of colors, or resolution.

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13
Q

Analog data

A

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly over time
Ex. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.

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14
Q

Digital data

A

Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values

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15
Q

Sampling

A

A process for creating a digital res presentation of analog data by measuring analog data a5 regular intervals called samples

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16
Q

Abstraction

A

A feature used to hide background details if any unnecessary implementation about the data so that users only see the required information

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17
Q

RGB

A

the color model that uses varying intensities of Red, Green, Blue light which are added together to produce a broad array of colors

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18
Q

Lossless compression

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information
Process is reversible

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19
Q

Heuristic

A

A problem solving approach to find a satisfactory solutions
where finding an optimal or exact solution is impartial or impossible

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20
Q

Lossy compression

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is thrown away
Process is not reversible

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21
Q

Copyright

A

A type of intellectual property that protects the original works of authorship as soon as the author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression.

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22
Q

Creative Commons

A

(CC) is an internationally active non-profit organization that provides free licensing for creators to use when making their work available to the public.

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23
Q

Internet

A

A group of computers and servers that are connected to each other

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24
Q

Computing device

A

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

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25
Q

Computing system

A

a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

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26
Q

Computing network

A

a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

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27
Q

Path

A

the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.

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28
Q

Bandwidth

A

the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.

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29
Q

Latency

A

The time it takes a bit to travel from its sender to receiver.

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30
Q

Bit rate

A

the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time (usually bits/second)

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31
Q

Protocol

A

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

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32
Q

IP Address

A

The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.

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33
Q

Internet Protocol

A

a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

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34
Q

URL

A

(Uniform Resource Locators) The location of a webpage or file on the Internet
(ex www.code.org)

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35
Q

Router

A

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

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36
Q

Redundancy

A

the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.

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37
Q

Fault Tolerant

A

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

38
Q

Datastream

A

Information passed through the internet in packets.

39
Q

Packet

A

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.

40
Q

Packet Metadata

A

Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message.

41
Q

TCP

A

Transmission Control Protocol

A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered

42
Q

UDP

A

User Datagram protocol

A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets

43
Q

IETF

A

Internet Engineering Task Force – develops and promotes internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)

44
Q

Scalability

A

the capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands

45
Q

World Wide Web

A

a system of linked pages, programs, and files

46
Q

DNS

A

The domain name system

the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses

47
Q

HTTP

A

HyperTest Transfer Protocol
a protocol for computers to request and share the pages that make up the world wide web on the Internet

48
Q

Net Neutrality

A

the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers (ISPS).

49
Q

Digital divide

A

refers to the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not, usually due to economic situation, social issues or location of Internet facilities.

50
Q

Internet Censorship

A

the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators

51
Q

User Interface

A

the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.

52
Q

Input

A

data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.

53
Q

Output

A

any data that are sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.

54
Q

Code

A

to write programming instructions for a computer

55
Q

Program statement

A

a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.

56
Q

Program

A

a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.

57
Q

Sequential programming

A

program statements run in order, from top to bottom.
• No user interaction
• Code runs the same way every time

58
Q

Event driven programming

A

some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press
• Programs run differently each time depending on user interactions

59
Q

Debugging

A

the process of finding and fixing problems in code

60
Q

Documentation

A

a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.

61
Q

Comment

A

form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs.

62
Q

Pair programming

A

a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress

63
Q

Expression

A

a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value

64
Q

Variable

A

holds one value at a time

65
Q

Assignment operator

A

allows a program to change the value represented by a variable
← Pseudocode OR = Javascript

66
Q

Conditionals

A

Statements that run only under certain conditions.

67
Q

Boolean value

A

a data type that is either true or false.

68
Q

Boolean expression

A

an expression that evaluates to True or False

69
Q

Comparison Operators

A

<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression

70
Q

Logical operators

A

&&, ||, != (AND, OR, NOT) are often used in conditional for comparison.

71
Q

String

A

Any sequence of characters between quotation marks (ex. ”hello”, “42”)

72
Q

Concatenate

A

link together or join strings or variables. (ex. “hello “+name)

73
Q

If-statement

A

The common programming structure that implements “conditional statements

74
Q

Selection

A

A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.

75
Q

MOD

A

(modulo) is the remainder that is left after a number is divided by another number.
• 3 % 2 = 1

76
Q

Function

A

a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.

77
Q

Function call

A

a command that executes the code within a function

78
Q

Global variable

A

Permanent – can be used anywhere in program. Create/defined OUTSIDE of on an user interface (onEvent).

79
Q

Local variable

A

Temporary – can only be used in the part of the code where it was created, such as INSIDE an onEvent. The value is deleted once the onEvent is done running.

80
Q

List

A

an ordered collection of elements

81
Q

Element

A

an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index.

82
Q

Index

A

a common method for referencing the elements of a list or strings using numbers

83
Q

While Loop

A

Uses a Boolean condition to repeatedly run a block of code. Once the Boolean condition is false the loop will stop.

84
Q

For loop

A

Condenses the parts of a while loop into a shorter statement. Similar to the while loop, once the Boolean expression becomes false, the loop ends.

85
Q

Iteration

A

a repetitive portion of an algorithm which represents a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.

86
Q

Infinite loop

A

A loop that never stops running because a specified condition is never met.

87
Q

Algorithm

A

A precise set of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer. Requires a sequence of commands, selection of which instructions to run based on a conditional statement and iteration until a condition is met.

88
Q

Traversal

A

traveling (or traversing) through every element of a list one element at a time.

89
Q

Filter

A

create a subset of elements from an original list

90
Q

Reduce

A

reduce a list down to a single element, such as the smallest number in a list.

AP Comp Sci P (14 decks)

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