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AP Comp Sci P > Midterm review > Flashcards

Midterm review Flashcards

1
Q

Innovation

A

A novel or improved idea, device, product or the development thereof.

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2
Q

Bit

A

A contraction of “Binary Digit”

the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1

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3
Q

Byte

A

8 bits

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4
Q

Binary number

A

A base 2 number with two possible different digits

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5
Q

Decimal number

A

A base 10 number with ten possible different digits

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6
Q

Hexadecimal number

A

A base 16 number with sixteen possible different digits

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7
Q

Overflow error

A

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

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8
Q

Round off error

A

Error rom attempting to represent a number that is too precise
The value is rounded

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9
Q

ASCII

A

American Standard Code Information Interchange
Universally recognized raw test format that any computer can understand

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10
Q

Image

A

A type of data used for graphics or pictures

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11
Q

Pixel

A

“Picture element”
Fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color for a larger image

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12
Q

Metadata

A

Data that describes other data
Ex. digital image may include metadata that describes the size of the image, the number of colors, or resolution.

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13
Q

Analog data

A

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly over time
Ex. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race.

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14
Q

Digital data

A

Data that changes discretely through a finite set of possible values

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15
Q

Sampling

A

A process for creating a digital res presentation of analog data by measuring analog data a5 regular intervals called samples

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16
Q

Abstraction

A

A feature used to hide background details if any unnecessary implementation about the data so that users only see the required information

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17
Q

RGB

A

the color model that uses varying intensities of Red, Green, Blue light which are added together to produce a broad array of colors

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18
Q

Lossless compression

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information
Process is reversible

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19
Q

Heuristic

A

A problem solving approach to find a satisfactory solutions
where finding an optimal or exact solution is impartial or impossible

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20
Q

Lossy compression

A

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is thrown away
Process is not reversible

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21
Q

Copyright

A

A type of intellectual property that protects the original works of authorship as soon as the author fixes the work in a tangible form of expression.

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22
Q

Creative Commons

A

(CC) is an internationally active non-profit organization that provides free licensing for creators to use when making their work available to the public.

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23
Q

Internet

A

A group of computers and servers that are connected to each other

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24
Q

Computing device

A

a machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

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25
Computing system
a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose
26
Computing network
a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.
27
Path
the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver.
28
Bandwidth
the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second.
29
Latency
The time it takes a bit to travel from its sender to receiver.
30
Bit rate
the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time (usually bits/second)
31
Protocol
An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system
32
IP Address
The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet.
33
Internet Protocol
a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device
34
URL
(Uniform Resource Locators) The location of a webpage or file on the Internet (ex www.code.org)
35
Router
A type of computer that forwards data across a network
36
Redundancy
the inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one path between any two connected devices in a network.
37
Fault Tolerant
Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.
38
Datastream
Information passed through the internet in packets.
39
Packet
A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all.
40
Packet Metadata
Data added to packets to help route them through the network and reassemble the original message.
41
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol A protocol for sending packets that does error-checking to ensure all packets are received and properly ordered
42
UDP
User Datagram protocol A protocol for sending packets quickly with minimal error-checking and no resending of dropped packets
43
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force – develops and promotes internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
44
Scalability
the capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands
45
World Wide Web
a system of linked pages, programs, and files
46
DNS
The domain name system the system responsible for translating domain names like example.com into IP addresses
47
HTTP
HyperTest Transfer Protocol a protocol for computers to request and share the pages that make up the world wide web on the Internet
48
Net Neutrality
the principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers (ISPS).
49
Digital divide
refers to the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not, usually due to economic situation, social issues or location of Internet facilities.
50
Internet Censorship
the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators
51
User Interface
the inputs and outputs that allow a user to interact with a piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus, images, text, and graphics.
52
Input
data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
53
Output
any data that are sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of forms, such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text.
54
Code
to write programming instructions for a computer
55
Program statement
a command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement.
56
Program
a collection of program statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time.
57
Sequential programming
program statements run in order, from top to bottom. • No user interaction • Code runs the same way every time
58
Event driven programming
some program statements run when triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press • Programs run differently each time depending on user interactions
59
Debugging
the process of finding and fixing problems in code
60
Documentation
a written description of how a command or piece of code works or was developed.
61
Comment
form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and which do not affect how a program runs.
62
Pair programming
a collaborative programming style in which two programmers switch between the roles of writing code and tracking or planning high level progress
63
Expression
a combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value
64
Variable
holds one value at a time
65
Assignment operator
allows a program to change the value represented by a variable ← Pseudocode OR = Javascript
66
Conditionals
Statements that run only under certain conditions.
67
Boolean value
a data type that is either true or false.
68
Boolean expression
an expression that evaluates to True or False
69
Comparison Operators
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != indicate a Boolean expression
70
Logical operators
&&, ||, != (AND, OR, NOT) are often used in conditional for comparison.
71
String
Any sequence of characters between quotation marks (ex. ”hello”, “42”)
72
Concatenate
link together or join strings or variables. (ex. “hello “+name)
73
If-statement
The common programming structure that implements “conditional statements
74
Selection
A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.
75
MOD
(modulo) is the remainder that is left after a number is divided by another number. • 3 % 2 = 1
76
Function
a named group of programming instructions. Also referred to as a “procedure”.
77
Function call
a command that executes the code within a function
78
Global variable
Permanent – can be used anywhere in program. Create/defined OUTSIDE of on an user interface (onEvent).
79
Local variable
Temporary – can only be used in the part of the code where it was created, such as INSIDE an onEvent. The value is deleted once the onEvent is done running.
80
List
an ordered collection of elements
81
Element
an individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index.
82
Index
a common method for referencing the elements of a list or strings using numbers
83
While Loop
Uses a Boolean condition to repeatedly run a block of code. Once the Boolean condition is false the loop will stop.
84
For loop
Condenses the parts of a while loop into a shorter statement. Similar to the while loop, once the Boolean expression becomes false, the loop ends.
85
Iteration
a repetitive portion of an algorithm which represents a specified number of times or until a given condition is met.
86
Infinite loop
A loop that never stops running because a specified condition is never met.
87
Algorithm
A precise set of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer. Requires a sequence of commands, selection of which instructions to run based on a conditional statement and iteration until a condition is met.
88
Traversal
traveling (or traversing) through every element of a list one element at a time.
89
Filter
create a subset of elements from an original list
90
Reduce
reduce a list down to a single element, such as the smallest number in a list.

AP Comp Sci P (14 decks)

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