Midterm- Week 2 PPT 2

Question 1

What 5 components influence the child’s ability to use their hands effectively?

Answer 1

• cognition
• motivation/ attention to task/ focus
• sensorimotor control
• sensory perception
• muscles/ posture

Question 2

What are the 4 precursors to fine motor development?

Answer 2

1) postural control
2) touch perception
3) hand muscle and finger development
4) bilateral coordination

Question 3

What is postural control?

Answer 3

Head, trunk and shoulder girdle stability great a secure base for performance

Question 4

What is touch perception?

Answer 4

Poor tactile perception may result in clumsy inconsistent performance

Question 5

What is hand muscle and finger muscle dev?

Answer 5

Hand and finger muscles must be strong and work together- fine motor dexterity

Question 6

What is bilateral coordination?

Answer 6

Ability to use both sides of the body together

Question 7

What are the 3 stages of motor learning for grasp?

Answer 7

1) exploratory- 3-5 months
2) perceptual learning/ transitional stage- 6-12 months
3) skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility- 12-24 months

Question 8

What is the exploratory stage for grasp?

Answer 8

Infants squeeze object without using their thumb

Can not move or manipulate objects in hand

Question 9

What is the perceptual learning/ transitional stage for grasp?

Answer 9

Radial Palmer and radial digital grasping starts to engage

Infant starts to use thumbs to grasp objects

Infant cannot move object within hand but can move object hand to hand and explore with mouth

Question 10

What is the skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility stage for grasp?

Answer 10

Infant demonstrates pincer grasp (12 months)

Precision release (18 months)

Grasp is dynamic, allowing tool use (2 years)

Question 11

What are the 3 stages of motor learning for reach?

Answer 11

1) exploratory- 1-3 months
2) perceptual learning/ transitional stage- 3-6 months
3) skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility- 6-9 months

Question 12

What is the exploratory stage for reach?

Answer 12

Swipes at objects

Reach is inaccurate

Infant cannot combine reach and grasp

Question 13

What is the perceptual learning/ transitional stage for reach?

Answer 13

More accurate and direct

Reaches into midline

Combines reach and grasp with both hands by 6 months

Question 14

What is the skill achievement/ adaptability and flexibility stage for reach?

Answer 14

Reaches with one or 2 hands

Accurate and direct reach

Can change direction of reach midstream

Can reach in all directions by 8-9 months

Reach is smooth and efficient

Easily combines reach and grasp and can carry objects in space

Question 15

What are pre writing dev for a child 1-2 years old?

Answer 15

Scribbling

Imitating vertical and horizontal lines and circular scribbles

Question 16

What are pre writing dev for a child 2-3 years old?

Answer 16

Imitating cross

Copying vertical line, horizontal line and circle

Question 17

What are pre writing dev for a child 3-4 years old?

Answer 17

Drawing a circle without a model

Question 18

What are pre writing dev for a child 4-5 years old?

Answer 18

Imitating a square

Copying cross, square, right and left diagonal lines, X shape, some letters and numbers

May be able to write own name

Drawing a recognizable face with eyes, nose and mouth

Drawing a stick figure with 2-4 body parts

Coloring under a circle

Question 19

What are pre writing dev for a child 5-6 years old?

Answer 19

Copying triangle

Printing own name

Copying most capital and lowercase letters

Drawing a person with at least 6 body parts

Question 20

What is a reflexive grasp?

Answer 20

Newborn to 2 months

Hand closes on objects placed into palm

Arms move asymmetrically

Unable to voluntarily release

Question 21

What is a voluntary grasp?

Answer 21

2-3 months- Indwelling thumbs disappear

Reaches to toy without grasp

Hands at midline

Question 22

What is a crude Palmer grasp?

Answer 22

4 months

Thumb is not active

Thumb comes out of palm

Toy is held with palmar grasp

Question 23

What is the ulnar palmar grasp?

Answer 23

5 months

Adjust hand to object using vision and touch

Toy in ulnar side of hand with forearm pronated and wrist neutral

Question 24

What is the raking grasp?

Answer 24

6 months

Using whole hand to grasp small objects

Hold bottle independently

Finder extension
Thumb opposition

Question 25

What is the radial Palmer grasp?

Answer 25

7 months Toy in palm with thumb adducted Reaches for and transfers objects Bangs objects and transfers object

Question 26

What is the developmental scissors grasp?

Answer 26

8 months Crawling and weight bearing with shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand Objects held with thumb and lateral index finger

Question 27

What is the inferior pincer grasp?

Answer 27

9 months Partial supination Can hold a spoon Wrists extended Both hands equal Voluntary release Objects held distal- radial side of index finger and thumb

Question 28

What is the gross grasp on crayon?

Answer 28

10-12 months Holds crayon with whole hand Takes objects out of container Puts object in open hand Tool use Pokes with index finger Spoon to mouth

Question 29

What is the superior pincer grasp?

Answer 29

10-12 mos Thumb to index finger tip

Question 30

What is the fine pincer grasp?

Answer 30

12-14 months Controlled arm movements Grasping and releasing object Don’t need hands for movements Fingertips to fingertip of index finger and thumb

Question 31

What happens between 14-17 months?

Answer 31

Understand objects purpose Use one hands for stabilization and the other for manipulation

Question 32

What is the forearm neutral palmar grasp?

Answer 32

18 months Uses fingertip grasp Thumb opposition is good Differentiate the two side of the hand Marker held in palmar grasp with neutral forearm

Question 33

What happens between 19-24 months?

Answer 33

Hand preference established

Question 34

What is the digital pronated grasp?

Answer 34

2-3 years Increasing control to release small objects into small hole Holds marker in tips of fingers and forearm pronated In hand manipulation

Question 35

What is the static tripod grasp and spherical grasp?

Answer 35

3-4 years Can unbottom and unzip Draws and cute simple shapes with scissors Marker in static position with thumb, index and long finger Spherical grasp- opening a jar lid Draws and cute simple shapes with scissors Feeds self neatly with utensils

Question 36

What is the dynamic tripod grasp?

Answer 36

4-5 years Hand dominance established for skilled activities Marker in dynamic three finger/ thumb manner with wrist extended

Question 37

When is the overall grasp patterns established?

Answer 37

5 years and older Finger movement and reactions faster

Question 38

What happens between 10-16 years old?

Answer 38

Hand eye coordination refined Master complex skills

Question 39

What are the mature pencil grasp?

Answer 39

Dynamic tripod- pointer, thumb and middle finger dynamic quadrupod grasp- pointer, middle finger, thumb and ring finger Pencil sits on the skin between pointer and thumb area

Question 40

What is the most efficient and least fatiguing grasp?

Answer 40

Lateral tripod- pointer, thumb and middle finger lateral quadrupod grasp- pointer, middle finger, thumb and middle finger Pencil sits on the side of pointer finger

Question 41

What are 2 other pencil holds that provide extra stability and control?

Answer 41

Adaptive/ alternative pencil holds

Question 42

What are 3 immature grasp patterns?

Answer 42

Static tripod grasp Interdigital grasp Lateral thumb wrapped grasp