Milady Chapter 3: Physiology and Histology of the Skin Exam Review Flashcards
Milady Textbook (97 cards)
1
Q
Name the layers of the epidermis from top to bottom
A
The answer is:
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Germinativum
2
Q
Name the layers of the dermis from top to bottom
A
The answer is:
Papillary layer
Reticular Layer
3
Q
This makes up 70% of the dermis
A
The answer is:
Collagen
4
Q
What does the arrector pili muscle do?
A
The answer is:
Contract and cause goosebumps
5
Q
What is the name of the fatty tissue in our subcutaneous layer?
A
The answer is:
Adipose
6
Q
Define skin physiology
A
The answer is:
The study of the skins functions and structure
7
Q
What is the difference between a pore and a follicle?
A
The answer is:
Pore: Tube like sweat glands
Follicle: Tube like glands in the epidermis
8
Q
Which layer is called the “true skin”?
A
The answer is:
Dermis
9
Q
List the 6 primary functions of the skin (PASSER)
A
The answer is:
Protection
Absorption
Secretion
Sensation
Excretion
Regulation
10
Q
List the 3 layers of the skin from top to bottom
A
The answer is:
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
11
Q
How many layers does the epidermis have?
A
The answer is:
5
12
Q
What is the sudoriferous gland?
A
The answer is:
Sweat
13
Q
What’s the sebaceous gland?
A
The answer is:
Oil
14
Q
Which layer of the epidermis is present only where the skin is thick, on the soles of the feet and palms of the hand?
A
The answer is:
Stratum lucidum
15
Q
Which gland is attached to the hair follicle?
A
The answer is:
Sebaceous gland
16
Q
What are pheomelanin and eumelanin?
A
The answer is:
Pheomelanin: Red to yellow
Eumelanin: Brown to black
17
Q
The stratum cornium has how many layers of cells?
A
The answer is:
15-20
18
Q
Name the layers of the dermis from top to bottom
A
The answer is:
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
19
Q
What are the two types of nerves?
A
The answer is:
Efferin
Afferin
20
Q
Why is UVB radiation also known as “burning rays?”
A. Burns paper upon direct exposure
B. Burns wood upon exposure
C. Wavelengths cause cancer and burning of the skin
D. Causes Genetic damage and cell death
A
The answer is C:
Wavelengths cause cancer and burning of the skin
21
Q
What is not an element of the skins mantle?
A. Sebum
B. Blood
C. Lipids
D. Sweat
A
The answer is B:
Blood
22
Q
- What causes injured skin to restore itself to its normal thickness?
A. Hyper-production of cells
B. Daily exposure to the sun
C. Gentle massage
D. Botox injections
A
The answer is A:
Hyper-production of cells
23
Q
Histology is also known as?
A. Microscopic anatomy
B. The study of body structures
C. Physical Processes
D. Facial technology
A
The answer is A:
Microscopic Anatomy
24
Q
Which is not a characteristic of healthy skin?
A. Moist
B. Smooth
C. Slightly rough
D. Somewhat acidic
A
The answer is C:
Slightly Rough
25
What are the most abundant in the fingertips, as opposed to other parts of the body?
A. Red blood cells
B. Lymph nodes
C. Sensory nerve fibers
D. White blood cells
The answer is C:
Sensory Nerve Fibers
26
What is the average internal temperature of the body in degrees Fahrenheit?
A. 37
B. 98.6
C. 96.8
D. 99.5
The answer is B:
98.6
27
Why does the body perspire?
A. To protect us from overheating
B. To protect us from freezing
C. To protect us from dehydration
D. To protect us from over-hydration
The answer is A:
To protect us from overheating
28
What are follicles?
A. Sweat gland openings
B. Tubelike openings in the epidermis
C. Tubelike openings in the muscles
D. Ingrown hair shafts
The answer is B:
Tubelike openings in the epidermis
29
What is glycation?
A. Fiberous, connective tissue made from protein
B. A white blood cell that has enzymes to digest and kill bacteria
C. The binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule
D. A chronic condition that appears primarily in the cheeks
The answer is C:
The binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule
30
What are hair papillae?
A. Ingrown hairs
B. Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle
C. Shaved hairs
D. Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach the epidermis
The answer is B:
Cone-shaped elevations at the base of a follicle
31
Where in the body is hyaluronic acid found?
A. Hair
B. Skin
C. Kidney
D. Liver
The answer is B:
Skin
32
What is hydrolipidic film?
A. Salt-water balance that damages the skins surface
B. Oil-water balance that damages the skins surface
C. Salt-water balance that protects the skins surface
D. Oil-water balance that protects the skins surface
The answer is D:
Oil-water balance that protects the skins surface
33
What is the acid mantle?
A. Deposit left on the skin after the use of an acidic product
B. Protective layer of lipids and secretions on the skins surface
C. Reservoir of digestive juices located in the stomach
D. Deposit left on the skin after the use of an alkaline product
The answer is B:
Protective layer of lipids and secretions on the skins surface
34
Where in the body are the coiled structures known as apocrine glands found?
A. Mouth and nostrils
B. Underarm and genital areas
C. Eyes and ears
D. Lower back and inner knees
The answer is B:
Underarm and genital areas
35
What is the result of the contraction of the arrector pili muscle?
A. Penile erection
B. Excessive sweating
C. Gaseous discharge
D. Goosebumps
The answer is D:
Goosebumps
36
What are ceramides?
A. Glycolipid materials
B. Hydrolipid materials
C. Neurolipid materials
D. Psycholipid materials
The answer is A:
Glycolipid Materials
37
What is collagen?
A. Hardened keratinocyte
B. Fibrous tissue made from protein
C. Hydrating fluid found in the skin
D. Pigment-carrying granule
The answer is B:
Fibrous tissue made from protein
38
What are corneocytes?
A. Open comedones
B. Hardened keratinocytes
C. Closed comedones
D. Softened keratinocytes
The answer is B:
Hardened keratinocytes
39
What are membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis?
A. Follicular papillae
B. Dermal papillae
C. Epidermal papillae
D. Hair papillae
The answer is B:
Dermal papillae
40
How fast does hair grow?
A. 3 inches per year
B. 6 inches per year
C. 8 inches per year
D. 12 inches per year
The answer is B:
6 inches per year
41
What is oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and that lubricates both the skin and hair?
A. Lymph
B. Pus
C. Blood
D. Sebum
The answer is D:
Sebum
42
What is the formal name for the horny layer?
A. Stratum Corneum
B. Stratum Spinosum
C. Stratum Granulosum
D. Stratum Lucidum
The answer is D:
Stratum Corneum
43
What is the technical term for the nail?
A. Onyx
B. Papillae
C. Sebum
D. Lymph
The answer is A:
Onyx
44
What is true of the stratum corneum
A. It is made of hardened sebum
B. It is the outermost layer of the skin
C. It is the innermost layer of the skin
D. It is devoid of corneocytes
The answer is B:
It is the outermost layer of the skin
45
What happens in the stratum germinativum?
A. Desmosomes are dissolved
B. Cells divide
C. Cells release lipids, forming bilayers of oil and water
D. Desquamation occurs
The answer is B:
Cells divide
46
What happens in the stratum granulosum?
A. Desmosomes are created
B. Langerhans immune cells protect the body
C. Keratin is produced
D. Fingerprints are formed
The answer is C:
Keratin is produced
47
What part of the skin provides a protective cushion and energy storage for the body?
A. Epidermis
B. Subcutaneous layer
C. Dermis
D. Barrier function
The answer is B:
Subcutaneous layer
48
What are the glands that excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body?
A. Sudoriferous
B. Thyroid
C. Hyperthyroid
D. Pituitary
The answer is A:
Sudoriferous
49
What is telangiectasia?
A. Capillary wall dilation
B. Follicle damage
C. Aging
D. Poor nutrition
The answer is A:
Capillary wall dilation
50
What causes transepidermal water loss?
A. Perspiration
B. Evaporation
C. Salivation
D. Secretion
The answer is B:
Evaporation
51
What is the dermis?
A. Innermost layer of the skin
B. Outermost layer of the skin
C. Support layer above the epidermis
D. Support layer below the epidermis
The answer is D:
Support layer below the epidermis
52
What nerves react to heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch?
A. Motor
B. Secretory
C. Sensory
D. Efferent
The answer is C:
Sensory
53
What protein fiber is found in the dermis and gives skin its flexibility and firmness?
A. Collagen
B. Melanin
C. Keratin
D. Elastin
The answer is D:
Elastin
54
What hormone stimulates cells to reproduce and heal?
A. Dermal stimulant factor (DSF)
B. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
C. Integumentary regulatory factor (IRF)
D. Integumentary manufacturing factor (IMF)
The answer is B:
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
55
What is true of the epidermis?
A. It is the outermost layer of the skin
B. It is the innermost layer of the skin
C. It is below the dermis
D. It is below the subcutaneous layer
The answer is A:
It is the outermost layer of the skin
56
What comprises about 50-70 percent of the skin?
A. Lymph
B. Water
C. Oil
D. Pus
The answer is B:
Water
57
What causes the body to produce its own vitamin D?
A. Drinking orange juice
B. Exposure to the sun
C. Drinking a liter of water
D. Exposure to heat
The answer is B:
Exposure to sun
58
What is not one of the six primary functions of the skin?
A. Heat regulation
B. Sensation
C. Absorption
D. Reflection
The answer is D:
Reflection
59
When do free radicals produce more free radicals?
A. Before causing oxidation reactions
B. While causing oxidation reactions
C. Only when exposed to hydrogen
D. Only when exposed to carbon
The answer is B:
While causing oxidation reactions
60
What function do the sudoriferous glands perform?
A. Assist in holding cells together
B. Excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body
C. Stimulate cells to reproduce and heal
D. Stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins
The answer is B:
Excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body
61
Eccrine glands are?
A. Taste buds
B. Sweat glands
C. Goosebumps
D. Leukocytes
The answer is B:
Sweat glands
62
_____ are the basic material and building blocks of the body tissues:
A. Proteins
B. Cells
C. Glands
D. Appendages
The answer is A:
Proteins
63
What are sweat glands that are found all over the body with openings on the skins surface through pores and that are not attached to hair follicles?
A. Apocrine
B. Eccrine
C. Sebaceous
D. Sudoriferous
The answer is B:
Eccrine
64
What function do sebaceous glands perform?
A. Protect the surface of the skin
B. Excrete perspiration and regulate body temperature
C. Produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer
D. Stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids
The answer is A:
Protect the surface of the skin
65
Estheticians who specialize in the health and beauty of skin are sometimes referred to as?
A. Facialists
B. Anatomists
C. Histologists
D. Technicians
The answer is D:
Technicians
66
Estheticians should be able to interpret the effects of which factor that influences skin health and appearance?
A. Hormones
B. Nutrition
C. Ultraviolet damage
D. All of the above
The answer is D:
All of the above
67
What is an esthetician’s primary focus?
A. Preserve the skin
B. Protect the skin
C. Nourish the skin
D. All of the above
The answer is D:
All of the above
68
What does scar tissue lack?
A. Melanin and elastin
B. Hair and sweat glands
C. Collagen and elastin
D. Hair and melanin
The answer is B:
Hair and sweat glands
69
Estheticians should have a thorough understanding of the physiology and histology of the skin for all the following reasons EXCEPT to?
A. Understand how the skin and the other body parts work together
B. Understand the effects of ultraviolet (UV) damage, hormonal influences, and nutrition on skin health
C. Confidently treat the body to maintain optimum health
D. Be able to help clients choose hormone replacement therapy problems
The answer is D:
Be able to help clients choose hormone replacement therapy problems
70
What percentage of hard B-keratin does hair contain?
A. 50 percent
B. 75 percent
C. 90 percent
D. 20 percent
The answer is C:
90 percent
71
How is B-keratin different from A-keratin?
A. It breaks more easily than A-keratin
B. It has lower moisture and fat than A-keratin
C. It is softer than A-keratin
D. It flakes away more easily than A-keratin
The answer is B:
It has lower moisture and fat than A-keratin
72
Which of the following statements is true about the nail plate?
A. It contains no nerves
B. It has many blood vessels
C. It is soft and thin
D. It is composed of A-keratin
The answer is A:
It contains no nerves
73
If a person has a purple or bluish tone under their fingernails, then they mist likely have which condition?
A. Rosacea
B. Telangiectasia
C. Diabetes
D. Cyanosis
The answer is D:
Cyanosis
74
Which nerves convey impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles or glands?
A. Motor
B. Secretory
C. Sensory
D. Afferent
The answer is A:
Motor
75
What are appendages of the skin?
The answer is
Hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands
76
What are T-Cells and what do they do?
The answer is
Thymus Glands, they attack virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer cells.
77
Describe squamous cells
The answer is
Flat and scaly
78
What products suppress melanin production?
The answer is
Brightening agents or tyrosinase inhibitors
79
Describe desquamation
The answer is
When keratinocytes continually shed from the skin
80
What is intercellular cement made of?
The answer is
Ceramides
81
What is TEWL? Describe it
The answer is
Transepidermal Water Loss
The water loss caused by evaporation on the skins surface
82
95% of the epidermis is made of?
The answer is
Keratinocytes
83
Describe cell turnover
The answer is
The process of desquamation and replacement
84
What is the P.H. of the acid mantle?
The answer is
5.5
85
The subcutaneous layer has what % of fat?
The answer is
80%
86
What does the subcutaneous layer do?
The answer is
Creates a protective cushion that gives contour and smoothness to the body
87
What is the reticular layer made of?
The answer is
Collagen and elastin
88
What does the papillary layer do?
The answer is
Connects the dermis to the epidermis
89
The papillary layer comprises ___% of the dermis
The answer is
10 to 20 %
90
What is UVA radiation?
The answer is
Aging rays
91
What is UVB radiation?
The answer is
Burning rays
92
What is HEV light?
The answer is
High-energy visible light
93
Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?
1. Outermost layer of the epidermis
2. Very thin yet waterproof and permeable
3. Regenerates itself
4. Detoxifies the body and responds to stimuli
The answer is
Stratum Corneum
94
Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?
1. Thin, clear layer of dead skin cells under the stratum corneum
2. Translucent layer made of small cells that let light pass through
3. Thickest on palms of hands and soles of feet
The answer is
Stratum Lucidum
95
Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?
1. Composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin
2. The production of keratin and intercellular lipids takes place here
3. Enzymes dissolve desmosomes
4. Natural moisturizing substances are made here
The answer is
Stratum Granulosum
96
Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?
1. Cells continue to divide and change shape
2. Enzymes are creating lipids and proteins
3. Cell appendages become desmosomes
4. Langerhans immune cells are found here
The answer is
Stratum Spinosum
97
Which layer of the epidermis does this describe?
1. Stem cells undergo continuous cell division to replenish the skin cells that shed from the surface
2. Produce necessary lipids that form cell membranes and hold cells together
3. Merkel cells (sensory cells) are touch receptors also located here
4. Contains melanocytes
The answer is
Stratum germinativum
