Minerals in the Human Body

Question 1

Minerals

Answer 1

• naturally occurring
• solid crystalline structure
• inorganic
• specific chemical composition

Question 2

What are kidney stones

Answer 2

Hard crystalline mineral material formed in the kidney or urinary tract

Question 3

Between __ and __ percent of people develop a kidney stone in their life

Answer 3

1,15

Question 4

When do kidney stones form

Answer 4

Decrease in urine volume and/or excess of stone-forming substances in urine

Question 5

Stone size that can cause blockage in ureter

Answer 5

5 mm

Question 6

Symptoms of kidney stones

Answer 6

• severe pain in lower back/abdomen
• blood in urine
• painful urination
• nausea
• vomiting
• urinary urgency
• restlessness
• sweating

Question 7

Most kidney stones form due to a combination of

Answer 7

Genetics and environmental factors

Question 8

Risk factors of kidney stones

Answer 8

1. high urine calcium levels
2. obesity
3. certain foods
4. some medications
5. calcium supplements
6. hyperparathyroidism
7. gout
8. not drinking enough fluids

Question 9

Doctor recommendation for litres of urine produced per day

Answer 9

More than 2L

Question 10

Lithotripsy

Answer 10

Sound waves (high energy shock waves) to break up large kidney stones

Question 11

Extracorporeal

Answer 11

“outside the body”

Question 12

ESWL

Answer 12

Most common form of lithotripsy - takes about 45min

Question 13

Drug treatment for kidney stones

Answer 13

• calcium channel blockers and steroids (try to dissolve stones)
• citrate (prevent new stones)

Question 14

Endoscopic stone removal

Answer 14

Go through the bladder or through small incision in back to reach stone

Question 15

Bone consists mainly of

Answer 15

Collagen fibres and small crystals of calcium phosphate

Question 16

Living bone contains between __ and ___ water and __ to ___ percent calcium phosphate

Answer 16

10,20
60,70

Question 17

Gallstones

Answer 17

Stone in gallbladder made of bile components

Question 18

Bile components that form gallstones

Answer 18

Cholesterol, bile salts, cilirubin

Question 19

Pain in right upper part of abdomen

Answer 19

When gallstones block bile duct

Question 20

Bile is produced in ________ and stored in ________

Answer 20

Liver, gallbladder

Question 21

What contracts when you eat to empty bile into small intestine (duodenum)

Answer 21

Gallbladder

Question 22

Risk factors to gallstones

Answer 22

• birth control pills
• pregnancy
• family history
• obesity
• diabetes
• liver disease
• rapid weight loss

Question 23

5 types of kidney stones

Answer 23

1. calcium oxalate
2. calcium phosphate
3. struvite
4. uric acid
5. cystine

Question 24

Stages of formation of a kidney stone

Answer 24

1. Nucleation (chemical elements joining together) - Homogeneous (all crystal) vs hetero (cell debris)
2. Growth
3. Aggregation
4. Retention in kidney, continue to grow
   Move to ureter

Question 25

Percentage of men vs. women who produce a kidney stone in their lifetime

Answer 25

13, 7

Question 26

Most common type of kidney stone

Answer 26

Calcium oxalate

Question 27

Percentage of kidney stones that need no surgical intervention

Answer 27

78%

Question 28

What is the likelihood of forming another kidney stone after in the next 4 years

Answer 28

50%

Question 29

What causes kidney stones to form

Answer 29

Supersaturation of urine with stone-forming elements Deficiency of inhibitors (such as citrate) that prevent crystallization

Question 30

Dietary habits that can lead to kidney stones

Answer 30

Not drinking enough water Too much sodium Too much animal protein

Question 31

Calcium stones percentage

Answer 31

75%

Question 32

Struvite stones percentage

Answer 32

10-15%

Question 33

Cystine stone percentage

Answer 33

1%

Question 34

Uric acid stones percentage

Answer 34

5-10%

Question 35

Risk of gallstones decreased by

Answer 35

- maintaining healthy body weight - eating a healthy diet that is high in fibre and low in sugar

Question 36

Living bone in the body

Answer 36

In vivo bone

Question 37

Formula for calcium phosphate in bones

Answer 37

Ca5(PO4)3(OH)

Question 38

Compact bone

Answer 38

Harder, outer layer of bone

Question 39

Spongy bone

Answer 39

Inner part of bone

Question 40

Osteoclasts

Answer 40

Cells that break down bone tissue

Question 41

Osteoblasts

Answer 41

Cells that make new bone tissue

Question 42

Peak bone mass age in humans

Answer 42

In your 30s

Question 43

Osteoporosis

Answer 43

Low bone density (spongy part of bone has more holes)

Question 44

Most common fracture locations related to osteoporosis

Answer 44

Wrists, spine, and hips