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GLGY 308 Final > Fluorine > Flashcards

Fluorine Flashcards

1
Q

F

A

Fluorine

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2
Q

F-

A

Fluoride

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3
Q

Fluoride minerals

A

Minerals that have F- in them

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4
Q

What is commonly added to water for fluoridation

A
  • sodium fluoride
  • fluorosillic acid
  • sodium fluoorosilicate
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5
Q

Non-drinking water sources of F- in diet

A

Fish, gelatin, tea

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6
Q

Natural F- gets washed into our drinking water supply by

A

Erosion

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7
Q

In 1940’s scientists found what of people who lived near water sources with F- levels lower than 1ppm

A

Cavaties

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8
Q

2/3 of Americans have

A

Fluorinated water

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9
Q

Study of medical skeletons showed

A

People who lived in coastal areas and ate more fish had fewer cavities

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10
Q

CDC study comparing kids int he late 1960s to kids in the early 1990s doing a 69% drop in what, attributed to

A

Cavities, either fluorinated drinking water or fluoride toothpaste

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11
Q

Recommended amount of daily fluoride during tooth enamel growth

A

0.8-1.2 ppm

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12
Q

Benefit of fluoride during tooth enamel formation

A

reduces enamel solubility - results in stronger enamel that is more resistant to bacteria

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13
Q

> 1.5 ppm F- per day

A

Tooth decay, pitting

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14
Q

3-6ppm F- per day

A

Skeletal fluorosis

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15
Q

Most effective public health measure for prevention of dental decay

A

Fluorinated drinking water

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16
Q

When did Calgary discontinue practice of fluorinating water

A

2011

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17
Q

Calgary drinking water 1957-1971

A

No fluoride

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18
Q

Calgary drinking water 1989-1991

A

Fluoride

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19
Q

Calgary drinking water 1998-1999

A

Health services recommended reduction in level of fluorine to 0.7ppm

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20
Q

Calgary saves this per year by not adding fluoride to water

A

~750,000

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21
Q

What has worsened in Calgary since 2011

A

Tooth decay in children

22
Q

Negative effects of fluoride

A

Skeletal fluorosis, permanent tooth discolouration, joint damage

23
Q

Dental fluorosis can happen when

A

During tooth formation

24
Q

Dental fluorosis cause

A

Excessive fluoride exposure

25
Q

Dental fluorosis effects

A

Children

26
Q

Most crucial time for tooth formation

A

2 years old

27
Q

Sources of fluoride that could contribute to overexposure

A
  • mouth rinse
  • ingestion of toothpaste
  • bottled waters
  • supplements
  • public water
28
Q

Responsible for 40% of all dental fluorosis

A

Public water fluoridation

29
Q

Hardest substance in human body

A

Tooth enamel

30
Q

Main mineral of tooth enamel

A

Hydroxyapatite

31
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Crystalline calcium phosphate

32
Q

Excess of F- combines with Ca to produce CaF-, this results in

A

Inadequate calcium phosphate production = less mineralization of growing enamel

33
Q

Opaque, lusterless enamel

A

Hypomineralized

34
Q

Skeletal fluorosis

A

Hardening of bones caused by high F- concentration

35
Q

Health effects of skeletal fluorosis

A
  • increased susceptibility to bone fractures
  • thickening of bone structure
  • impaired joint mobility
  • ligaments and cartilage ossified
36
Q

Bones are made of

A

Calcium phosphate

37
Q

Too much F- in blood

A

F- leaches Ca2+ out of bones to form CaF2 which is insoluble and is flushed out of the body

38
Q

Skeletal fluorosis epidemic in ___ countries

A

At least 25

39
Q

Fluorosis is most severe in

A

India and China

40
Q

India and China have high counts of fluorosis because

A

Drinking water supply (groundwater) naturally high in fluoride

41
Q

6-8ppm fluoride

A

Present in epidemic groundwater areas in India

42
Q

60 million people at risk and 6 million people disabled

A

20 states of India with fluorosis epidemics

43
Q

Fluoride rich groundwater

A

Having over 1.5mg/L of naturally occurring fluoride

44
Q

Mineral sources of fluoride in groundwater

A

Fluorite, fluorapatite, cryolite

45
Q

Rock type sources of fluoride in groundwater

A

Igneous rock that crystallize underground - can contain fluorite and fluorapatite

46
Q

Granite

A

Can contain fluorite and fluorapatite as it crystallizes underground

47
Q

Hydrological conditions for fluoride in groundwater

A

Alkaline - increases solubility of F- mienrals

48
Q

Phosphate fertilizers contain high levels of

A

F-

49
Q

F- rich groundwater has more ____ than Ca

A

Mg

50
Q

UK researchers developed what to detect fluoride in drinking water

A

Fast colour-changing test

51
Q
A

GLGY 308 Final (11 decks)

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