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GLGY 308 Final > Fluorine > Flashcards

Fluorine Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

F

A

Fluorine

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2
Q

F-

A

Fluoride

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3
Q

Fluoride minerals

A

Minerals that have F- in them

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4
Q

What is commonly added to water for fluoridation

A
  • sodium fluoride
  • fluorosillic acid
  • sodium fluoorosilicate
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5
Q

Non-drinking water sources of F- in diet

A

Fish, gelatin, tea

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6
Q

Natural F- gets washed into our drinking water supply by

A

Erosion

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7
Q

In 1940’s scientists found what of people who lived near water sources with F- levels lower than 1ppm

A

Cavaties

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8
Q

2/3 of Americans have

A

Fluorinated water

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9
Q

Study of medical skeletons showed

A

People who lived in coastal areas and ate more fish had fewer cavities

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10
Q

CDC study comparing kids int he late 1960s to kids in the early 1990s doing a 69% drop in what, attributed to

A

Cavities, either fluorinated drinking water or fluoride toothpaste

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11
Q

Recommended amount of daily fluoride during tooth enamel growth

A

0.8-1.2 ppm

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12
Q

Benefit of fluoride during tooth enamel formation

A

reduces enamel solubility - results in stronger enamel that is more resistant to bacteria

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13
Q

> 1.5 ppm F- per day

A

Tooth decay, pitting

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14
Q

3-6ppm F- per day

A

Skeletal fluorosis

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15
Q

Most effective public health measure for prevention of dental decay

A

Fluorinated drinking water

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16
Q

When did Calgary discontinue practice of fluorinating water

A

2011

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17
Q

Calgary drinking water 1957-1971

A

No fluoride

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18
Q

Calgary drinking water 1989-1991

A

Fluoride

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19
Q

Calgary drinking water 1998-1999

A

Health services recommended reduction in level of fluorine to 0.7ppm

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20
Q

Calgary saves this per year by not adding fluoride to water

A

~750,000

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21
Q

What has worsened in Calgary since 2011

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A

Tooth decay in children

22
Q

Negative effects of fluoride

Study These Flashcards
A

Skeletal fluorosis, permanent tooth discolouration, joint damage

23
Q

Dental fluorosis can happen when

Study These Flashcards
A

During tooth formation

24
Q

Dental fluorosis cause

Study These Flashcards
A

Excessive fluoride exposure

25
Dental fluorosis effects
Children
26
Most crucial time for tooth formation
2 years old
27
Sources of fluoride that could contribute to overexposure
- mouth rinse - ingestion of toothpaste - bottled waters - supplements - public water
28
Responsible for 40% of all dental fluorosis
Public water fluoridation
29
Hardest substance in human body
Tooth enamel
30
Main mineral of tooth enamel
Hydroxyapatite
31
Hydroxyapatite
Crystalline calcium phosphate
32
Excess of F- combines with Ca to produce CaF-, this results in
Inadequate calcium phosphate production = less mineralization of growing enamel
33
Opaque, lusterless enamel
Hypomineralized
34
Skeletal fluorosis
Hardening of bones caused by high F- concentration
35
Health effects of skeletal fluorosis
- increased susceptibility to bone fractures - thickening of bone structure - impaired joint mobility - ligaments and cartilage ossified
36
Bones are made of
Calcium phosphate
37
Too much F- in blood
F- leaches Ca2+ out of bones to form CaF2 which is insoluble and is flushed out of the body
38
Skeletal fluorosis epidemic in ___ countries
At least 25
39
Fluorosis is most severe in
India and China
40
India and China have high counts of fluorosis because
Drinking water supply (groundwater) naturally high in fluoride
41
6-8ppm fluoride
Present in epidemic groundwater areas in India
42
60 million people at risk and 6 million people disabled
20 states of India with fluorosis epidemics
43
Fluoride rich groundwater
Having over 1.5mg/L of naturally occurring fluoride
44
Mineral sources of fluoride in groundwater
Fluorite, fluorapatite, cryolite
45
Rock type sources of fluoride in groundwater
Igneous rock that crystallize underground - can contain fluorite and fluorapatite
46
Granite
Can contain fluorite and fluorapatite as it crystallizes underground
47
Hydrological conditions for fluoride in groundwater
Alkaline - increases solubility of F- mienrals
48
Phosphate fertilizers contain high levels of
F-
49
F- rich groundwater has more ____ than Ca
Mg
50
UK researchers developed what to detect fluoride in drinking water
Fast colour-changing test
51

GLGY 308 Final (11 decks)

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