MAMMO > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

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1
Q

Risks factors associated with undergoing hormone replacement therapy (HRT) include:

A

Increased risk of developing breast cancer

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2
Q

Which of the following breast changes should a health care provider evaluate?
1. Lumps or swellings
2. Skin irritation or dimpling
3. Milky discharge from the nipple

A

1 and 2

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3
Q

The ______ is the most effective pattern for examining the entire breast without missing any breast tissue

A

up-and-down pattern

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4
Q

CIrculating estrogen is mostly produced in:

A

Fatty tissue

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5
Q

With modern mammography equipment, the patient usually receives only about ______ per projection

A

1 to 2 mGy (0.1–0.2 rad)

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6
Q

ACR recommends that the average glandular dose on mammography should be no more than _______ with a grid, or _______ without a grid.

A

3 mGy (0.3 rad or 300 mrad); 1 mGy (0.1 rad or 100 mrad)

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7
Q

What is a positive questioning skill that the technologist can use when verifying the accuracy of patient information?

A

Repeating/rewording the question

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8
Q

A side effect of tamoxifen treatment is
(A) Breast cancer
(B) Pelvic inflammatory disease
(C) Brain cancer
(D) Uterine cancer

A

D

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9
Q

Radiation therapy can be used
1. with other treatment options
2.to kill any remaining cancer cells in the breast or the chest wall area
3. to shrink a tumor before surgery

A

1, 2, and 3

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10
Q

Unlike the TRAM flap procedure, the DIEP flap procedure does not take any:

A

abdominal muscles

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11
Q

A process of removing tissue and fat from the abdomen and transferring that tissue and fat to reconstruct the breast is called:

A

Deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap

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12
Q

TRAM flap procedure where the flap is left with it’s original blood supply

A

Pedicle flap

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13
Q

TRAM flap procedure where tissue from the abdomen is completely removed from it’s original location

A

Free flap

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14
Q

The _____ procedure uses tissue from the inner upper thigh, near the crease of the groin, as well as some muscle to create breast tissue.

A

TUG flap

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15
Q

The most common immunohistochemical (IHC) tumor marker is:

A

Estrogen receptor-positive

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16
Q

The removal of one to three axillary nodes for testing is included in a/an:

A

Sentinel node biopsy

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17
Q

Tamoxifen has been used since the 1970s to treat patients with ______ breast cancer.

A

estrogen receptor–positive (ER-positive)

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18
Q

Tamoxifen is considered an antiestrogen drug that blocks estrogen and can lower the risk of breast cancer recurrence in:

A

postmenopausal women.

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19
Q

involves the removal of breast tissue, skin, nipple, and areola but leaves most of the lymph nodes intact.

A

Simple mastectomy

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20
Q

involves the removal of the entire breast, including the nipple–areolar region and some of the underarm lymph nodes.

A

Modified radical mastectomy

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21
Q

Which of the following are contraindications for lumpectomy?
1. Previous lumpectomy
2. Multiple cancer sites in one breast
3. Large tumors in a small breast

A

1, 2, and 3

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22
Q

Clear fluid that can sometime form and is a complication to the mastectomy procedure

A

Seroma

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23
Q

The primary goal of compression is to:

A

Allow uniform penetration of structures of the breast

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24
Q

Mammography facilities can receive certification from
1. ACR
2. FDA
3. States as Certifiers (SACs)

A

2 and 3

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25
If the backup time stops a breast exposure, the technologist can repeat the radiograph by using a:
higher kVp setting
26
The type of x-rays created from displacement of K-shell–binding electrons in the molybdenum atom are called:
Characteristic radiation
27
Which of the following monitors is used to interpret the mammograms?
Review monitor
28
The remote transmission of images is:
Teleradiology
29
When transmitting mammography images, the compression required is termed:
Lossless compression
30
In direct digital technology, the x-ray strike _____ in the detector.
amorphous selenium
31
T/F: Written documentation is required for the clinical image review of each radiologic technologist (RT) and interpreting physician (IP), and it must be done at least annually.
T
32
T/F: The policy for the lead interpreting physician (LIP) oversight of QA/QC records must be a written policy
F
33
T/F: Each breast center must have a written policy explaining the documentation of any corrective actions when images are of poor quality
F
34
What is the maximum possible score for each test object in the ACR phantom?
6
35
What BI-RAD category recommends short-interval (6-month) follow-up?
Category 3
36
Cooper ligaments attach anteriorly to the:
Fascia of the skin
37
Lymph drainage from the medial half of the breast is generally directed to the:
Internal mammary lymph nodes
38
A woman is to undergo routine baseline mammography, but it is determined that she is lactating. What should be done, and why?
Lactation results in increased glandularity; mammography should be postponed
39
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) could be recommended to 1. relieve insomnia symptoms 2. prevent osteoporosis 3. reduce weight gain
1 and 2
40
An asymptomatic woman presents with an oval, lobulated tumor with unsharp margins. There is no evidence of a halo sign. Select the correct statement. (A)   If the lesion is also radiolucent it is likely to be benign (B) The lesion could be malignant (C) All oval lesions are benign (D) The absence of a halo indicates malignancy
B
41
benign, self-limiting breast tumor that is a result of new disorganized cell growth
Hamartoma
42
In the arc method of localization, the arc is drawn with the radius of the arc from ________ to the lesion.
The nipple
43
Compression allows reduced radiation to the breast by:
Decreasing breast thickness
44
What principle does compression use to visualize the borders of circumscribed lesions? 1.   It brings the lesion closer to the detector 2. It spreads apart overlapping tissue 3. It separates superimposed areas of glandular tissue
1, 2, 3
45
With calcifications, magnification can be used to assess 1. the number 2. morphology 3. tissue distribution
1, 2, 3
46
In positioning for the CC projection, if the C-arm of the mammography unit is raised too high, the inframammary fold (IMF) is overelevated, resulting in loss of 1. superior breast tissue 2. inferior breast tissue 3. posterior breast tissue
2 and 3
47
The principle of mobile versus fixed tissue is used in mammography positioning to image the maximum (A) medial breast on the MLO projection (B) inferior breast on the CC projection (C) superior breast on the MLO projection (D) medial tissue on the CC projection
A
48
Your patient has had recent chest surgery and has a scarred and painful area running along the sternum. The radiologist request a 90-lateral. With the medial aspect of the breast immobile, which of the following is the best option (A) Right mediolateral oblique (RMLO) (B) Left mediolateral oblique (LMLO) (C) Left lateromedial (LLM) (D) Right mediolateral (RML)
LLM
49
Which of the following projections can be used instead of CC projection to image patients with severe kyphosis?
LM
50
A patient with barrel chest whose chest wall protrudes outward may have breast tissue extending laterally under the arm. What projection, used to image the breast with the beam directed superior to inferior, should be taken in addition to CC projection?
XCCL
51
An infusaport can be used to:
allow repeated access to the venous system
52
Which of the following projections is especially useful when analyzing calcifications?
53
Preoperative localization will 1.   direct the surgeon to the area requiring biopsy 2. help the surgeon excise a smaller specimen 3. ensure that the correct area is removed
1, 2, and 3
54
Cyst aspiration describes the removal of:
fluid from a cyst
55
Tells how big a cancer is and what areas are affected
Stage
56
Tells how fast a cancer is growing compared to normal cells
Grade
57
KVP range for mammo
20-40
58
Which of the following are some advantages of the single-track tubes? 1. Can support lower maximum anode load 2. More reliable and less expensive to manufacture 3. Allows shorter exposure times
2 and 3
59
Which cancer accounts for approximately 10% of breast cancers and is difficult to perceive on radiographs and may cause architectural distortion or skin reaction?
Invasive lobular carcinoma
60
The American Cancer Society (ACS) screening guidelines states that women aged ____ and older can have a mammogram every 1 to 2 years or continue with yearly screening.
45
61
Which of the following is a technique that is used during an open surgical biopsy where parts of the lesion are removed for biopsy?
Incisional biopsy
62
The technique using piezoelectric principle to generate high frequency waves to create images of the breast is called:
ultrasound
63
Which of the following is a purpose of the medical audit? (A)   At a minimum, the medical audit must track the biopsy results from BI-RADS categories 4 and 5 (B)   At a minimum, the medical audit must track the biopsy results from BI-RADS categories 1, 2, and 3 (C)   At a minimum, the audit should follow all BIRAD categories (D)   At a minimum, follow all positive and negative interpretations
A
64
What is found in the retromammary space?
Adipose tissue
65
What comprehensive evaluation test must be performed on the unit before clinical use?
Mammography equipment evaluation MEE
66
The structure at the beginning of the ductal system is called:
TDLU
67
The main drainage of blood from the breast is to the:
Axillary vein
68
Where does the lymph drain to initiate cross-mediastinal drainage?
Internal mammary nodes
69
Approximately how many cases of male breast cancer were diagnosed in the United States recently?
3000
70
The area under the target and projected on the patient
Effective focal spot
71
Amorphous selenium will convert x-rays to:
electrons
72
How many orifices are found on the nipple?
15-20
73
A radiation treatment that usually begins 1 month after the surgery is:
External beam radiation
74
Which of the following systems allows images from multiple modalities to be viewed at a single monitor, transmitted, or stored?
PACS
75
The type of compression used in mammography imaging is termed
Lossless compression
76
checks the detector and the communication between the detector and the acquisition workstation (AWS).
Phantom test
77
Which layer of the acini rests on the basement membrane?
Myoepithelial
78
Lymphatic drainage from the breast goes mainly to:
Axillary nodes
79
Increase in kVp = ______ exposure time
Decrease
80
In digital imaging, a graph of the optical density (receptor exposure) range to the log of relative exposure is a:
linear response
81
Which of the following is a radiopaque implant that is used in breast reconstruction and can be adjusted for cup size after surgical placement in the breast?.
Saline implant
82
Men with a family history of breast cancer will:
Have a higher risk of developing breast cancer
83
have a protein receptor that control how the breast cells divide and repair themselves.
HER2/neu
84
Inherent filtration will include filtration by all of the following except (A) exit port of the tube (B) compression paddle (C) molybdenum filters (D) mirror assembly
C
85
Image compression is often required to allow:
Teleradiology
86
Scanning the breast to locate a cancer on basis of the vast amount of glucose/sugar used by cancer cells is the technique used in:
Positron emission mammography
87
The CC projection shows a circumscribed oval radiolucent lesion. There is a definite halo surrounding the lesion. It is most likely to be a:
cyst
88
The mammogram shows an oval-shaped lesion with mixed radiolucent and radiopaque content. The lesion has a central radiolucent area and is freely movable. This lesion is most likely to be a:
lymph node
89
A beryllium (Be) window on the x-ray tube enhances contrast by:
transmitting more low energy photons
90
The purpose of the mammography certification and accreditation process is to:
enforce minimum national quality standards for mammography
91
Which of the following is used as a treatment for estrogen-dependent tumors in postmenopausal and premenopausal women?
Tamoxifen
MAMMO
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