Misc

Question 1

• Causes of acute gastritis? (3)
• Chronic? (2) Location? Patho?
• H. Pylori: Treatment? Increased risk of? (2)
• Stomach Polyps: Dysplastic = ? 2 tpyes? Assoc?
• Gastric Cancer:
  1. ) Adenocarcinoma: 2 types? Gender? Age?
  2. ) GIST: Mutation?
• Celiac assoc. with what lymphoma?
• Bacterial Colitis:
  1. ) Most common? 2.) Bloody, high infection rate, water? 3.) Typhoid or non? 4.) Causes renal failure?

Answer 1

• NSAIDs, H. Pylori, Alcohol
• H. Pylori –> Antrum; Flag, urease, adhesins, CAgA toxin; Autoimmune (10%); body; destroy parietal and IF
• Omeprazole, Amoxicillin, Clarithromyocin; Adeno and MALT
• Adenoma; Hyperplastic and fundic (FAP/PPI use)
  1. ) Intestinal (M>F), older 2.) Diffue; M=F; younger
  2. ) CKIT
• EAT Lymphoma
  1. ) Campylobacter 2.) Shigella 3.) Salmonella 4.) EHEC

Question 2

• Immuno:
  1. ) Th1: Recognize? Release? (2) Causes? (2)
  2. ) Th17: Makes? 3.) TFH: Stim. by? goes to?
  4. ) Treg: Make? (2) Does what? 5.) CTL: Make? Kill via?
  6. ) Th2: Release? Stimulates? (2)
• Development: Non-selection? Neg? Positive? CD1/2? CD3?
• Gut pordices lots of? What upregulates Th1/17?
• Infection can lead to?
• risk loci in IBD?

Answer 2

1. ) Antigen; INFgamma (1k M1 Macs); IL2 (CTL activ)
2. ) IL17 3.) Antigen; B cells to activate
3. ) IL10/TGFB; supresses T cells 5.) INFgamma, MHC1
4. ) IL4/5; M2 Macs and Eisino
   - No affinity; high affinity; low affinity
   - TGFB/IL10; IL6
   - Commensals leaking across then immune response
   - Many loci

Question 3

Oral Health:

• Tie tooth to alveolar bone?
• 1st teeth when? All by?
  1. ) Carries effects? Trasmission? End result? Can lead to? Needs what 3 things? Common bacteria? Help brush until?
  2. ) Oral cancer due to? Sites? (3)
  3. ) Inflammation: Gum inflammation? Release what? Etiology? (3) Good link with? (3) Emerging with? (4) Treating pregnant? Outcome?
  4. ) Iatrogenic: Due to? Cause?
  5. ) Cognitive/ Behavioral: Common?
• Most common chronic dz in childhood?

Answer 3

• Periodontal ligament
• 6 mo; 3 years
  1. ) Kids chronic perodontitis –> aggressive peridontitis; Endocard., prosthetic infection, DM; Obesity, CAD, Adverse Preg. outcomes, resp, dz; do it; may not imporve outcomes
  4. ) Xerostomia; peridontal dz
  5. ) Yes
• Caries

Question 4

Radiography:

1. ) X-ray: Most sensitive for intra ab free air?
   a. ) Supine: good for? (4)
   b. ) Upright good for? (3)
   c. ) Abdominal good for? (4)
   d. ) Decubitus good for?
2. ) GI fluroscopy: Barium good for? Contra in? Iodinated water good for? Contra in? Why?
   a. ) Biphasic: Used for in esoph region? In upper GI? (4)
   b. ) Small Bowell Follow Through: Enterocyclis gives?
   c. ) Enema: Double contrast for? (4) Single contrast if? Contra when? (3)

Answer 4

1. ) Upright PA
   a. ) foreign, feeding tube, stones masses
   b. ) Air fluid, free air, obstruction
   c. ) Bones, stones, gas, mass
   d. ) Lateral air
2. ) luminal obstruction; colon obstruction; gut perforation; prox. gi obstruction for aspiration
   a. ) reflux, hairal hernia, stricture, candida, cancer; gastritis, ulcers, diverticula, cancer
   b. ) Anatomical detail with air added in jejunum
   c. ) IBD, polyps, cancer, rectal bleed; fistula; toxic megacolon, after biopsy, perf.

Question 5

3. ) US: Evaluate what? (4)
4. ) CT: No contrast for? Contrast for? (5) Can cause? Contra in?
5. ) Nuclear: Provides what info?
6. ) Angiography used for? Not?
   - Site to check appropriateness?

Answer 5

3. ) Biliary system, solid organ lesions, apendicytis, vascular flow
4. ) Renal stone/hemorrhage; ischemic, infection, trauma, tumor; nephrotoxicity; pregnancy
5. ) Functional
6. ) Therapeutic; diagnostic
   - ACR

Question 6

• Histology:
• Hirschprungs: Neural crest doesn’t reach? Meaning?
• Gradual loss of nerves in LES?
  1.) Stomach: Gastrin stimulates what to do what?
• ZE syndrome is?
• Stomach: Epi –> LP –> MM –> ? (3) –> Inner Circ. Muscle –> ? –> Outer circular muscle –> ?
• Enteroendocrine cells release?
  2.) Crypts of Lieb have what? (2)
• Brunners Glands secrete what?
• Enteric NS: Missners does what? (3) Located where?
  Auerbach: Does what? Located where?

Answer 6

• Large bowel; no relaxation
• Achlasia
  1. ) Parietal release HCl
• too much gastrin release
• Caps/Mersseurs/Leuko; Haurbahs plxus; Adevent/Serosa
• Gastin into blood
  2. ) Stem cells and panneth cells (lysozymes)
• Bicarb
• Pre/post para/ post sym; submucosa
• B/n muscles; sensory motor, pre para, post sym

Question 7

• Histology:
• Only 2 places with glands?
• Adventitial made of?
• Serosa made of?
  1. ) Foregut artery? PNS? Structures?
  2. ) Midgut artery? PNS? Structures?
  3. ) Hindgut artery? PNS? Structures?
• Secretions: Stains dark? Stains clear?
• Esophagus: upper 1/3? mid 1/3? Bottom 1/3?
• Gastro-esoph junction transition?

Answer 7

• Esophagus (mucus), Brunners (bicarb in duo
• CT
• CT and mesothelium
  1. ) Celiac; vagus; Everything up to duo
  2. ) SMA; vagus; to prox 2/3 of colon
  3. ) IMA; Pelvic; Distal 1/3 to rectum
• Parortid, sublingual
• Skeletal; Mixed; Smooth
• Strat squamus –> simple columnar

Question 8

• Motility:
• Vasculitis leading to CT prolif/fibrosis? Type of issue?
• Pacemaking cells of stomach?
  SI: Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: Can cause? Bad in?
• SI movement: Fed? Fasting?
• Colon movements? (2)
• Dyssynergia?
• Anismus?

Answer 8

• PSS/ Scleroderma; myopathic
• Cells of Cajal
• Obstructed small bowell; kids
• Segmentation/ MCC
• Haustrations; HAPC’s (high amp)
• Contraction of pelvic floor and EAS
• High anal pressure; dyssynergia