Mitosis and Meiosis, Chromosomes and Karyotypes

Question 1

Homolog

Answer 1

Chromosome similar in size and sequence

Question 2

Somatic cells vs. germ

Answer 2

Diploid vs haploid

46 vs 23

Question 3

What accounts for normal genome variation

Answer 3

SNP - most common
Indels
Microsatellites
CNV

Question 4

Gene duplication possiblities

Answer 4

Degradation —- loss
Neofunctionalization - New function
Subfunctionalization - different function

Question 5

Arms of chromosome

Answer 5

P - short

Q - long

Question 6

Area betwen P and q arm

Answer 6

Centromere

Question 7

Composition of chromosome

Answer 7

DNA and protein

Question 8

How to do a karyotype?

Answer 8

Giesma stained
Arrange by size with homologs next to each other
Large scale can be visualized

Question 9

Philidelphia chromosome disease and numbers

Answer 9

9 and 22

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (also ALL and AML)

Question 10

Phildelphia chromosome mutation that occurs

Answer 10

Translocation
ABL moves from 9 to 22
BCR and ABL now next to each other on 22

Question 11

Tx for CML

Answer 11

Gleevac - ABL inhibitor

Question 12

ABL function

Answer 12

Cell proliferation

Question 13

ABL name and structure

Answer 13

Abelson murine leukemia virus homolong 1 (tyrosine kinase)

Question 14

BCR

Answer 14

Breakpoint cluster region

Question 15

Mechanism of ABL/BCR mutation

Answer 15

Promotor from BCR will drive constant expression of ABL

Question 16

Burkitt’s lymphoma mutation

Answer 16

IGH-MYC fusion
Increased MYC activity
Only exons 2 and 3 from MYC make it

Question 17

MYC and IGH chromosomes

Answer 17

8 and 14

Question 18

IGH function

Answer 18

Expressed all the time in B-cells

Question 19

Increased MYC due to

Answer 19

Many things

Sometimes a IGH-MYC translocation

Question 20

Mitosis

Answer 20

Generate 2 daughter cells with same genetic makeup

Question 21

Cells in G phase

Answer 21

2n=diploid

Question 22

Cells after S phase

Answer 22

4n = tetraploid

Question 23

G1 phase

Answer 23

Gap before deuplciatiopn

Question 24

S

Answer 24

DNA synthesis and chromosome duplication

Question 25

G2

Answer 25

Interphase gap before mitosis

Question 26

Mitosis location

Answer 26

Somatic cells of the body

Question 27

Shortest part of cell cycle

Answer 27

M

Question 28

Sister chromatids

Answer 28

ID copies of chromosomes held together at centromere

Question 29

Centrosomes

Answer 29

Cellular organelles involved in moving chromosomes apart

Question 30

Metaphase

Answer 30

Duplicated chromosomes randomly line up at metaphase plate

Question 31

Microtubules attach

Answer 31

Centrosomes to centromeres

Question 32

Cyclins and CDKs

Answer 32

Promote cell cycle progession

Question 33

CDKIs

Answer 33

Involved in cell cycle arrest

Question 34

Cell cycle checkpoitns and questions

Answer 34

G1-S - Is DNA intact? S - is replication complete? G2-M - are chromosomes aligned?

Question 35

pRb in normal body

Answer 35

Unphosphorylated Rb binds to E2F and DP...pRb phosphorylated and E2F/DP dissociates and activates cyclins, CDKs and others

Question 36

In Retinoblastoma

Answer 36

Rb is mutated and does not form...cannot bind to E2F/DP in order to turn off the cell cycle

Question 37

Meiosis

Answer 37

Terminal event | Chromosomal reduction from diploid to haploid

Question 38

Meiosis synopsis

Answer 38

Chromosomes replicate Homologs line up and then separate during meiosis 1 Sister chromatids separate during meiosis 2

Question 39

Errors in segregation of meiosis result in

Answer 39

Aneuploidies

Question 40

Spermatogenesiss

Answer 40

Spermatogonial stem cell ------- spermatogonium ------ after puberty, primary spermocyte...replicates...after meiosis 1, secondary spermocyte...after meiosis 2, spermatozoa

Question 41

Oogenesis

Answer 41

Oogonium stem cell mitosis to pirmary oocyte (chromosomes replicate and arrest in prophase 1)...during puberty, meiosis 1 completes in 1-2 oocytes/month (secondary oocyte arrest in metaphase 2)(polar body produced)`...fertilization...meiosis 2 completes (produces polar body)...pronuclei fuse and zygote formed

Question 42

Synaptonemal complex

Answer 42

Keeps homologs lined up perfectly together when lined up

Question 43

Frequency of crossing over is related to

Answer 43

Greater distance...greater probability of crossover

Question 44

Crossing over results in what gametess?

Answer 44

Two parental and two recombinante

Question 45

Similarities of mitosis and meiosis

Answer 45

``` One round of DNA synthesis Sister chrom Nucleus disappears Chromosomes line up Centromeres attach Daughter cells ```

Question 46

Differences

Answer 46

Diploid vs haploid Mutations in mitosis affect individual...mutations of meisosi affect offsrping One cell division in mitosis vs 2 in meiosis Homologs random in mitosis, synapse and cross over in meiosis