Translation

Question 1

Start codon

Answer 1

AUG

Question 2

Stop codons

Answer 2

UAA, UGA, UAG

Question 3

Steps of tRNA “charging”

Answer 3

Forms aminoacyl-AMP via hydrolysis
tRNA synthetases must only join each amino acid to the tRNA that has the anticodon needed for that amino acid

Requires ATP Hydrolysis

Question 4

Inosine can base pair with

Answer 4

U,C,A

Question 5

Wobble position

Answer 5

Third position (on 5’ end)

Question 6

What does wobble position allow

Answer 6

Same amino acid can come from different codons

Question 7

Ribosomes are

Answer 7

Large ribonucleoprotein complexes conatining several rRNAs and many proteins

Question 8

Initation of translation

Answer 8

1) CBP (cap-binding protein) binds to 5’ Cap of mRNA
2) Small ribosomal unit interacts with CBP complexed with 5’ Cap
3) Small subunit scans until it finds AUG (Kozak sequence)

Question 9

Important initiation factor for initiation of translation

Answer 9

eIF-2

Question 10

4 antibiotics that target translation

Answer 10

Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Streptomycin

Question 11

IRE

Answer 11

Iron responsive elements found on mRNA

Question 12

IRE-binding protein

Answer 12

Binds to IRE

Question 13

IRE-binding protein binding pattern

Answer 13

Iron-bound IRE-BP cannot bind to IRE

Question 14

Ferritin function

Answer 14

Iron storage protein

Question 15

Transferrin receptor

Answer 15

Cell membrane protein that brings Fe into the cell

Question 16

Low/high iron ferritin

Answer 16

Low - IRE-binding protein binds to IRE so translation inhibited
High - IRE-binding protein cannot bind so translation proceeds

Question 17

Low/high iron transferrin

Answer 17

Low - IRE-binding protein binds to IRE to prevent degradation
High - IRE-BP cannot bind so degradation of mRNA occurs

Question 18

HCI

Answer 18

Kinase inhibited by heme

Phosphorylates and inactivates eIF2, which decreases translation of mRNAs (including globin mRNAs)

Question 19

eIF2

Answer 19

When not phosphorylated, increases translation of globin proteins

Question 20

What rxn occurs to make disulfide bonds

Answer 20

Oxidation

O2—–H2O2

Question 21

Insulin generated form -_____ and example of _____

Answer 21

Proteolysis of proteins

Proinsulin (also produces C peptide)

Question 22

Digestive enzyme activation

Answer 22

Trypsinogen cleaved by enteropeptidase and trypsin into trypsin
Trypsin cleaves proelastase into elastase
Trypsin cleaves chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin

Question 23

2 paths to apoptosis and where they converge

Answer 23

Fas and mitochondrion

Both cleave procaspase 3

Question 24

Fas path to apoptosis

Answer 24

Fas receptor cleaves procaspase-8 into caspase 8…caspase 8 cleaves procaspase 3 into caspase 3…caspase 3 causes apoptosis

Question 25

Mitochondrial path to apoptosis

Answer 25

Mitochondrion forms apoptosome...procaspase 9 cleaved to caspase 9...cleaves procaspase 3 into caspase 3

Question 26

Clotting pathways converge ofn

Answer 26

Prothrombin

Question 27

Hemophilia A

Answer 27

Low factor 8

Question 28

Hemophilia B

Answer 28

Low factor 9

Question 29

Hemophilia symtoms

Answer 29

Prolonged bleeding and bruising easily

Question 30

Normal/alzheimer pathway of Abeta

Answer 30

alpha secretase | beta secretase

Question 31

Protein phosphorylation occurs of

Answer 31

Serine, threonine, and tyrosine side chains

Question 32

Phosphorylation regulates_______

Answer 32

The activities of proteins

Question 33

Histone acetylation occurs on

Answer 33

Specific lysine residues (histones)

Question 34

HAT/HDAC

Answer 34

HAT - Histone acetylation - opens the chromatin | HDAC - Histone deacetylation - silencing

Question 35

Cancer cells and HDAC

Answer 35

Cancer cells use HDAC to turn off tumor suppressor genes by causing HDAC to be recruited to promoter

Question 36

HDAC inhibitors used in

Answer 36

Cancers that suppress tumor suppressor genes

Question 37

2 HDAC inhibitors

Answer 37

Trichostatin A Trapoxin Just eliminate enough HDAC to allow cells to die when treated with other therapies

Question 38

p53 modification

Answer 38

Acetylated

Question 39

Valproic acid

Answer 39

HDAC1 inhibitor that works on p53

Question 40

Ubiquitination and when it happens

Answer 40

Targets proteins for degradation by protesosome | Damaged or regulated to degradation

Question 41

Ras associates with membranes by

Answer 41

Side chain of a cysteine near C-terminus is liken to farnesyl (lipid group) by farnesyl transferase

Question 42

FTI

Answer 42

Farnesyl transferase inhibitor - doesn't allow attachment of farnesyl to Ras so therefore Ras cannot be incorporated into the membrane and cannot become active