mock Flashcards by Aoife Luc

respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway in organisms. what metabolic pathway is in question

catabolic

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type of animal cell that doesn’t have mitochondria

•red blood cell

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stage of aerobic respiration that doesn’t occur in the mitochondrion

•glycolysis
•occurs in cytosol

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control substance in test for reducing sugar

water

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control colour at end in test for reducing sugar

blue

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gel used to trap the enzyme when immobilizing an enzyme

sodium alginate

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how make gel insoluble when immobilizing enzymes

calcium chloride

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pathogen

disease causing organism.

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antibiotic

produced by microorganisms to kill or stop the growth of other microorganisms

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bio processing

using microorganisms to form products

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bioreactor

a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms

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shape of dna molecule

double helix

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heridity

passing on of characteristic from ive generation to the next

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dna profiling

generating a pattern of bands from a dna sample

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genetic screening

test to show presence of a gene

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step 1 dna profiling

1: Release DNA from cells and use PCR to amplify the sample.

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step 2 dna profiling

2: Cut DNA into fragments: Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA into smaller fragments. They only cut at specific places.

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step 3 dna profiling

3: Separate the fragments: DNA is negatively charged. Gel electrophoresis can use an electric current to separate the fragments based on size

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step 4 dna profiling

pattern is analysee

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use of dna profiling

You can use DNA profiling to test for certain diseases, for solving crimes and for maternity and paternity tests.

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why twins have same dna profile

both have same genes

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structural differences of DNA and RNA

•dna is double stranded/rna is single stranded
•dna has thymine/rna has uracil

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translation events (protein synthesis)

•mRNA goes to a ribosome
•tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome
•tRNA binds to mRNA
•peptide bond forms
•chain folds
•forms protein

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sex linkage

•a gene present on the X or Y chromosome

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heterozygous

•when two alleles for a trait are different

genotype

•the genetic make up

advantage using ATP as energy source

•ATP releases energy in suitable quantities •energy easily recycled •energy easily released

krebs cycle products

•ATP •CO2 •NADH

fate of products in krebs cycle

•ATP- breaks down and releases energy •CO2- released into atmosphere •NADH- teams down and releases electrons •H- forms water

final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

•oxygen

location where RNA but no DNA is found in eukaryotic cells

•cytosol •ribosome

role of diff RNAs in protein synthesis

•mRNA gets code from DNA and carries code to the ribosome •rRNA forms the ribosome •tRNA transfers amino acids to mRNA and translates mRNA code to amino acid sequence

enzyme experiment enzyme, substrate and products

•catalase •hydrogen peroxide •oxygen and water

junk dna

non coding dna

what is protease

an enzyme that digests protein

how did you add the freezer cold ethanol in the dna experiment

•added slowly to the test tube

transcription (protein synthesis)

•making mRNA using DNA template

translation

•making a protein using mRNA code

haploid

•one set of chromosomes

diploid

•two sets of chromosomes

homozygous

•alleles the same

heterozygous

•alleles different

genotype

•genetic make up

phenotype

•expression of genotype and environment

what happens in krebs cycle when electrons are removed

•pass to NAD+ to make NADH to make water

cell organelle where enzymes are produced

•ribosome

how immobilize enzyme

•immobilize yeast •sodium alginate, mix with yeast, drip into calcium chloride solution with dropper, leave to harden, rinse

advantage of selectively permeable membranes

•substances can be kept in or out

feature of plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for constant periods

•cell wall •vacuole

difference between hypothesis and theory

•hypothesis can develop into a theory

how do amoeba get rid of excess water

•contractile vacuole

fate of energized electrons after leaving chlorophyll

•enter cyclic pathway and return to chlorophyll •enter non cyclic pathway and adds to CO2 to make glucose

other molecule that can provide electrons during photosynthesis

water

source of water

•soil

plant used for photosynthesis experiment

•elodea

role of ATP in dark stage

•transfer energy

events in prophase

•spindle forms •nuclear membrane breaks down •chromosomes become shorter

main events of each pathway in light stage

•cyclic- electron passes along electron transport chain, energy released in form of ATP, electron returns to chlorophyll •non cyclic- electron passes along electron transport chain, energy released in form of ATP, electron transferred to NADP+ and doesn’t return to chlorophyll

what gets released when glucose is split

•ATP •NADH

how ATP and NADH made in aerobic respiration

•ATP- ADP combines with phosphate •NADH- NAD+ picks up a proton and two electrons

events of non cyclic pathway

•electrons trapped by NADP to form NADPH •water splits into protons and electrons, oxygen is formed, electrons pass to the chlorophyll, ATP forms

fate of ADP and NADP+ at end of light stage

•return to light stage

two particle types moves from NADPH to CO2 in dark stage

•electrons •protons

NAD stands for

•nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

how is oxygen produced in the light stage

water splitting using light energy

fate of pyruvic acid when enter krebs cycle

•produce CO2, ATP, NADH

fate of pyruvic acid when enter electron transport system

•electrons combine with O2 to form ATP

anaerobic product in yeats

•ethanol

dark stage

•ATP, NADPH and Carbon dioxide are mixed together using enzymes to form glucose • ATP supply energy •NADPH supply Hydrogen •CO2 supply carbon and oxygen

light stage

1: Light split water into protons, electrons and oxygen 2: protons go to proton pool, oxygen released into atmosphere 3: Light absorbed by chlorophyll & the energy pass to electron 4: electron is passed from acceptor to acceptor releasing energy as it goes 5: ATP formed from released energy 6: electron returns to the chlorophyll + cycle repeat