Mod 1 Cell Function Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
What must be understood to comprehend disease?
A
Cellular processes
Understanding cellular processes is fundamental to grasping the complexities of diseases.
2
Q
The study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function
A
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology investigates how diseases affect bodily functions.
3
Q
When does disease occur?
A
When there is a disruption in homeostasis or deviation from normal
Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
4
Q
What can disruption lead to?
A
Disease
Disruption of homeostasis can result in various diseases, as the balance necessary for proper functioning is lost.
5
Q
Justice, imbalance. Disruption leads to disease.
A
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival.
6
Q
The study of the disorder or breakdown of the human bodies function
A
Pathophysiology
7
Q
Disease occurs when there’s a disruption in_____ or deviation from normal
A
Homeostasis
8
Q
The relative consistency of the body’s internal processes
A
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is crucial for maintaining a stable internal environment.
9
Q
As a dynamic process and self-regulating
involves continuous adjustments to maintain balance.
A
Homeostasis
10
Q
What is the most common type of feedback mechanism in homeostasis?
A
Negative feedback
An example is glucose regulation, which helps maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Example eat sugar > release insulin> decrease blood sugar> Put glucose in the cell= balanced sugar level in bloodstream
11
Q
Fill in the blank: Homeostasis is a _______ system.
A
give and take
This means that the body adjusts various factors to maintain balance.
12
Q
What is an example of positive feedback in homeostasis?
A
Contractions of labor
Positive feedback amplifies processes until a specific outcome is achieved.
13
Q
Why is equilibrium necessary for all cells?
A
To maintain proper function and health
Cells require a stable internal environment to perform their functions effectively.
14
Q
How may homeostasis correct an imbalance?
A
By using many means
The body can employ various mechanisms to restore balance.
15
Q
What are the factors that determine baseline normal for patients?
A
The factors include:
* Age
* Gender
* Genetic and ethnic background
* Geographic area
* Time of day
* Environment: altitude, temperature, etc.
Findings are only relevant to the individual’s ‘normal.’
16
Q
What does higher altitudes do to the body?
A
Lower oxygen= thick blood
17
Q
Cause or reason for the event
A
Etiology
18
Q
Unknown cause
A
Idiopathic
Ex: Htn w unknown cause
19
Q
Unintended effect of a medical treatment
A
Iatrogenic
Ex: reaction to tx
20
Q
Development and evolution of a disease
A
Pathogenesis
Creation of a disease
21
Q
Patterns of diseases in a group of people
A
Epidemiology
Example malaria outbreak in certain location
22
Q
A
All of the above
23
Q
What is a key ability of cells regarding their environment?
A
Ability to exchange material with their environment
This ability is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and supporting cellular functions.
24
Q
What are the two essential components that cells obtain energy from?
A
Organic nutrients and oxygen
Glucose is a primary organic nutrient used in cellular respiration.
25
What is one of the key abilities of cells related to complex molecules?
Ability to manufacture complex molecules
## Footnote
This includes proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids which are vital for cellular structure and function.
26
What process do cells use to replicate themselves?
Mitosis
## Footnote
Mitosis is a form of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
27
Carbohydrate break stuff down to bring into cellular for energy
Glucose
28
Oxygen + glucose=
ATP
29
What are the three major components of a eukaryotic cells
Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane
30
Control center
Genetic code
Create genes
Contains DNA
DNA contain codes for all protein in body
Nucleus
Brain center
Inside the cell
31
Contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats, and glycogen
Contains the organelles
Cytoplasm
Outside the cell
32
Semipermeable-phospholipid bilayer
Contain protein receptors
Only fat or tiny things can pass through
Cell membrane
02 and lipid solubles can pass through
33
Water soluble and ions cannot pass through_____
Semi permeable membranes
Need protein channels or receptors
34
Solid protein structure with holes in the middle goes through the cell membrane to allow large components in
Protein channel/receptors
35
Site for protein synthesis
Create structure proteins
Ribosomes- organelles
36
Ribosomes is usually attached here
Store ribosomes
Can also produce other substances in the cell, such as fat and enzymes (create structures)
Endoplastic reticulum-organelles
Folded membranes
The dots create proteins and ribosomes
37
Move sperm along & forward
Flagellum
38
Kidney bean shaped create energy
Mitochondrion-organelles
39
Finger like
Move and filter stuff
Cilia
40
Packages substances that are to be excreted from the cell
Package and send out
Golgi apparatus-organelles
## Footnote
The Golgi apparatus is essential for processing and packaging proteins and lipids.
41
Break down cell products and foreign bodies to be used again
Release enzymes
Lysosomes-organelles
## Footnote
Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest cellular waste and macromolecules.
42
Break down toxins in the cell
Protect cells
Peroxisomes-organelles
## Footnote
Peroxisomes are involved in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of harmful substances.
43
Power plants
Aerobic metabolism - ATP
Mitochondria-organelles
Glucose + oxygen = ATP
44
Microtubules
Hair like processes
Aid in movement
Cytoskeleton-cilia and flagella
Celia is filtration and movement
Flagella is movement
45
Open enclose ion channels, allowing substances to pass through or they send messengers into cells
Membrane receptors
Certain substances in and out
46
The cells semi permeable membrane allows it to maintain a proper shape. True or false?
True
47
composed of a solute and a solvent.
solution
## Footnote
Solute is the substance dissolved, and solvent is the substance that does the dissolving.
48
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
Passive transport
## Footnote
It relies on the concentration gradient.
49
the movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
Move until balanced out
Passive transport
Diffusion
## Footnote
This process continues until equilibrium is reached.
50
the movement of water (or another solvent) to high solute concentration
Movement from high to low
Passive transport
Osmosis
## Footnote
This often occurs in isotonic solutions.
51
the process where molecules move from low to high concentration with the help of a carrier molecule.
Passive transport
Facilitated diffusion
## Footnote
This process does not require energy.
52
the movement of substances across a cell membrane using ATP.
Active transport
ATP made in the mitochondria
53
helps re-establish proper ion concentrations in and out of cells
Active transport
The sodium-potassium pump
Balance, sodium, and potassium uses ATP
## Footnote
It is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
54
the process by which cells take in substances, such as in phagocytosis.
Active transport
Endocytosis
## Footnote
It involves the engulfing of materials by the cell membrane.
55
the process where substances are expelled from a cell.
Active transport
Exocytosis
## Footnote
This process is vital for the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.
56
Fill in the blank: Osmosis involves the movement of _______ to high solute concentration.
water or another solvent
57
True or False: Active transport does not require energy.
False
58
Simple diffusion
Does not use energy
In and out
59
Water will go where there is more molecules. When there is too much water within the cell, this will cause the cell to_____
burst
60
Water will go where there is more molecules. When there is too much water outside the cell, this will cause the cell to_____
Shrink
61
A resting cell has more___on the outside and more___on the inside
Outside sodium
Inside potassium
Sodium potassium pump
62
Establishes the proper intra-and extracellular solution
Sodium potassium pump
Active transport
63
When the sodium potassium pump senses, an imbalance, it will pump what out of the cell and what inside the cell to maintain a balance
Sodium outside
Potassium inside
64
Two of the above
C & d
65
Must keep proper shape
Keep solution balance
Cell cycle
66
Cells divide and reproduce
Cell proliferation is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair.
67
Cells replicate 46 chromosomes
Mitosis 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Within the nucleus skins
## Footnote
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.
Diploid cells contain 46 chromosomes
68
Division of sperm and oocytes to half the chromosome number (23)
Meiosis need the correct number of chromosomes
Haploid cells contain only 23 chromosomes
## Footnote
Meiosis is crucial for sexual reproduction, producing gametes with half the genetic material.
69
Cells divide and reproduce
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cell cycle: cell proliferation
70
Fertilized cells become more specialized as a mature to organs
Begins after fertilization
Generalized to specific (cells to layers to organs)
Cell cycle: Cell differentiation
71
False
72
Cell change
Decreased workload or disease state
Decrease size of organelles
Decreased energy usage
Decreased functionality in disease state
Atrophy
Example cast removed extremity smaller
73
Cell change
Increase workload or disease
Increase size and increase number of organelles
Increase contractility
Decrease a functionality in disease state
Hypertrophy
Example increase muscle size from workout
Example after sclerosis of the heart. Heart works harder, stretch, stretches, heart, making it flabby and decreases functionality.
74
Increase number of cells
Cell change hyperplasia
Example hormonal, slothing of endometrium menstrual cycle
75
Normal cells replaced with abnormal cells
Cell change metaplasia
Example, Barrett esophagus reflux in the stomach, come up into the esophagus, changing the cells
76
Normal cells become abnormal shape, and size
Cell change dysplasia
Example epithelial cells within the skin
Keyword mutation
77
Metaplasia
78
Most diseases start with___
Can be reversible to a point
In normal states, it is balance with cell renewal
Cell injury
Break old cells down build new ones
Get rid of abnormal cell components and build new ones
79
Mechanical forces
External temperature
Electrical
Physical agent cause of cell injury
80
Poisoning
Drug
Chemical cause of cell injury
81
Ionizing
Ultraviolet
Non-ionizing
Radiation cause of cell injury
82
Physical agents
Chemical
Radiation
Biological agents
Nutritional imbalances
Causes of cell injury
83
Loss of blood supply to certain area> decreased oxygen and nutrients = death
Leading to potential necrosis or cell death
Mechanisms of injury
Ischemia
84
Causing all sorts of cell damage
Damage particles can get into tissues, usually able to fight with antioxidants if there is too much, they are unable to fight and they can cause cell damage
Mechanism of injury
Free radicals
85
Interruption in blood flow
Firm and opaque
Usually kidney or heart
Coagulative necrotic cell death
86
Liquid
Walled-off
Liquid goo
Typically brain
LIQUEFACTIVE necrotic cell death
87
“Cased off”
Cheese globules
Typically lungs TB
Caseous necrotic death
88
Opaque
Chalky
Soapy
Whiteish with spots
Typically fat
Fatty and necrotic cell death
89
Caused by severe hypoxic injury, progressed coagulative necrosis, and bacteria invasion
Gangrene
90
Gangrene
Dry >
Coagulative
91
Gangrene
Wet >
Liquid
92
Gangrene
Gas >
Releases gas into tissue CLOSTRIDIUM bacterium
93
LIQUEFACTIVE necrotic cell death
Example brain
94
CASEOUS necrosis
Example TB
95
Fatty necrosis 
96
Coagulative necrosis
97
Dry gangrene
98
Wet gangrene
99
Gas gangrene
100
What is the definition of neoplasia?
Neoplasia = 'new growth'
## Footnote
Neoplasia refers to an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells.
101
What characterizes neoplasia in terms of cell growth regulation?
Lacks normal controls and regulation
Tumor can be benign or cancer
## Footnote
This means that neoplastic cells do not respond to the usual cellular mechanisms that regulate growth.
102
What is the most common type of cancer in men?
Prostate
## Footnote
Prostate cancer is the leading neoplasm diagnosed in men.
103
What is the most common type of cancer in women?
Breast
## Footnote
Breast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasm diagnosed in women.
104
What is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women?
Lung
## Footnote
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths across genders.
105
Can cancer spread from one site to another?
Can also spread from another site
## Footnote
This refers to metastasis, where cancer cells spread from their original location to other parts of the body.
106
Cancer development
Carcinogenesis
107
What are the three steps in carcinogenesis?
1. Initiation.
2. Promotion.
3. Progression.
108
Introduction of the agent
Carcinogenesis step one initiation
109
Initiation of uncontrolled growth
Step two in carcinogenesis promotion
110
Permanent malignant changes
Step three in carcinogenesis progression
111
Genes that get turned on in cancerous cells
ONCOGENES
They begin as proto-oncogenes
112
Direct normal cell growth > convert to abnormal growth
Proto-oncogenes
113
Environmental changes that lead to cancerous cells
Carcinogens
114
Slow, progressive, localized, well defined ,resembles host(more differentiated )grows by expansion, does not usually cause death
Usually capsulated
Benign
Can put pressure on other parts of the body, causing issues
115
Invasive, rapid growing, spreads, takes over blood systems and other organs can move into the lymphatic system, highly undifferentiated
Malignant
Undifferentiated means unlike their original tissue
116
False
117
Clinical manifestations of cancer
Acronym caution
118
Complications of cancer
119
What does TNM stand for in cancer classification?
Tumor Node Metastasis
## Footnote
TNM is a system that describes the extent of cancer spread.
120
What is the basis for staging in cancer classification?
Spread of the disease
## Footnote
Staging helps determine the extent of cancer in the body.
121
How is grading in cancer classification determined?
According to histology
## Footnote
Grading assesses how much tumor cells differ from normal cells.
122
What does a higher grade in cancer classification indicate?
The tumor is more invasive and prone to spreading
## Footnote
Grades I, II, III, and IV represent increasing levels of invasiveness.
123
Fill in the blank: As the grade increases from I to IV, the tumor is more prone to spreading via _______.
blood vessels and/or lymph vessels
## Footnote
This indicates a greater potential for metastasis.
124
What are the four grades in cancer classification?
I, II, III, IV
## Footnote
Each grade reflects the degree of tumor differentiation and invasiveness.
125
What does TX stand for in tumor classification?
Main tumor cannot be measured
## Footnote
TX indicates that the primary tumor size is unknown or cannot be evaluated.
126
What does TO indicate in tumor classification?
Main tumor cannot be found
## Footnote
TO is used when the primary tumor is not detectable.
127
What do the classifications T1, T2, T3, and T4 refer to?
Size and/or extent of the main tumor
## Footnote
The higher the number, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues.
128
In tumor classification, what does a higher number after T indicate?
Larger tumor or more growth into nearby tissues
## Footnote
T classification is based on the physical size and extent of the tumor.
129
True or False: TX means the main tumor can be measured.
False
## Footnote
TX indicates the opposite, that the main tumor cannot be measured.
130
Fill in the blank: In tumor classification, T1, T2, T3, and T4 indicate the ______ of the main tumor.
[size and/or extent]
131
What does NX indicate in lymph node classification?
Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured.
## Footnote
NX is used when the assessment of regional lymph nodes is not possible.
132
What does NO signify in lymph node classification?
There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
## Footnote
NO indicates a negative assessment of lymph node involvement.
133
What do N1, N2, and N3 represent in lymph node classification?
They refer to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer.
## Footnote
The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.
134
How does the classification of N1, N2, and N3 affect cancer staging?
The classification indicates the extent of lymph node involvement.
## Footnote
Higher classifications suggest more extensive disease spread.
135
Fill in the blank: NX indicates that cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be _______.
measured
136
True or False: N1, N2, and N3 classifications indicate the same number of lymph nodes involved.
False
137
What does MX indicate in distant metastasis classification?
Metastasis cannot be measured
## Footnote
This classification is used when the extent of cancer spread cannot be determined.
138
What does MO indicate in distant metastasis classification?
Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
## Footnote
This signifies that the cancer is localized and has not metastasized.
139
What does M1 indicate in distant metastasis classification?
Cancer has spread to other parts of the body
## Footnote
This indicates that the cancer is no longer localized and has metastasized.
140
What is the primary focus of the classification discussed?
Distant metastasis
## Footnote
This classification system helps in understanding the spread of cancer.
141
What does MX indicate in distant metastasis classification?
Metastasis cannot be measured
## Footnote
This classification is used when the extent of cancer spread cannot be determined.
142
What does MO indicate in distant metastasis classification?
Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body
## Footnote
This signifies that the cancer is localized and has not metastasized.
143
What does M1 indicate in distant metastasis classification?
Cancer has spread to other parts of the body
## Footnote
This indicates that the cancer is no longer localized and has metastasized.
144
What is the primary focus of the classification discussed?
Distant metastasis
## Footnote
This classification system helps in understanding the spread of cancer.
145
Cancer visual
146
What are the three goals of treatment and cancer?
Curative, palliative and prophylactic
147
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Hormone and anti-hormone therapy
Immunotherapy
Cancer treatment options
148
___Is big = decreased immune response
Stress affects the immune system
149
Has spread beyond the initial area of cancer
150
What do chromosomes contain?
Genetic information
## Footnote
Chromosomes are structures within cells that carry genetic material.
151
How many pairs of chromosomes are there in humans?
23 pairs - 46 chromosomes
## Footnote
This includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
152
What is a karyotype?
Chromosome count
## Footnote
A karyotype is used to examine the number and structure of chromosomes.
153
What does phenotype refer to?
Observable characteristics from genes
## Footnote
Phenotype is influenced by the environment and genetic makeup.
Ht wt alleles
154
What are alleles?
Variations of genes
## Footnote
Alleles can lead to different traits, such as eye color.
155
Define homozygous.
Identical pairs of genes
Recessive
## Footnote
Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a trait.
156
Define heterozygous.
Different pairs of genes
Dominant
## Footnote
Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a trait.
157
What is a dominant allele?
Will show as an observable characteristic
## Footnote
Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals.
158
What is a recessive allele?
Will be trumped by the dominant if there
## Footnote
Recessive alleles only express their trait when paired with another recessive allele.
159
Fill in the blank: Chromosomes are made up of _______.
Genetic information
160
What is the relationship between dominant and recessive alleles?
Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles
## Footnote
If a dominant allele is present, the recessive allele will not be expressed.
161
Caused by a mutation and damage
Characterized by the patterns of transmission
Genetic and congenital disorders
800 disorders
162
Transmitted from an affected parent to offspring, regardless of gender
autosomal dominant disorder
163
Example, Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis
examples of autosomal dominant disorders
164
Disorder of connective tissue
Mutation of chromosome, 15
Affects eyes skeleton and cardiovascular system
Thin and tall
Sternum pushed in
Joint issues
Lens displacement
Scoliosis
Valve defects, such as regurgitation
Autosomal dominant disorder, Marfan syndrome
165
Neurogenic tumors
Two forms: type one or type two
Treatment palliative removal of tumors
Can lead to deafness
Autosomal dominant disorder, neurofibromatosis
166
Defect on chromosome 17
Subcutaneous lesions
Café-au-lait spots (6 at birth)
Freckles
Scoliosis
Erosive bone defect
Nervous system tumors
Autosomal dominant disorders, neurofibro metastasis type one
167
Defect on chromosome 22
Tumors of the aortic nerve and may be on the other cranial and spinal nerves as well
Autosomal dominant disorder, neurofibromatosis type two
168
Autosomal recessive disorders
169
Chromosome 12
Damage to nervous system
Treatment diet, low to no PHENYLALANINE
Autosomal recessive disorder PKU
170
Chromosome 15
Leads to mental deterioration
Motor decrease
Sensory decrease
Fatal by age 5
Autosomal recessive disorder
Tay-Sachs
ASE enzyme
171
Autosomal recessive disorder
Tay-Sachs
172
Mostly males
Fragile X syndrome
173
Multifactoral inheritance disorders
Can be genetic or environmental
174
Cliff lip and palate
Hard palate is the front
Soft palate goes back to the uvula close off the nasal passage
175
Trisomy 21
Down syndrome
176
Trisomy 21
Down syndrome
177
Females
Short fat neck webbing
Turner syndrome
Monosomy X
178
Male extra X chromosome
Small testicles and penis
Trisomy x
Kleinfelter syndrome
179
Fragile X
180
Marfan syndrome
181
Neurofibromatosis type one
182
Cleft lip and pallet
183
Down syndrome
184
Turner syndrome
185
Kleinfelter syndrome
