Mod 2 Immunity Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
What is the physiological response to stress called?
A
Fight-or-flight response
This response is triggered by stress and prepares the body to either confront or flee from a threat.
2
Q
What systems are activated during the fight-or-flight response?
A
Sympathetic and endocrine systems
These systems work together to prepare the body for immediate physical action.
3
Q
What are some physiological changes that occur during the fight-or-flight response? List at least three.
A
- Increased heart rate
- Increased respirations
- Increased blood flow to muscles
These changes help the body respond effectively to stressors.
4
Q
What effect does the fight-or-flight response have on mental alertness?
A
Increased mental alertness
This heightened awareness helps individuals react more quickly to potential threats.
5
Q
Fill in the blank: The fight-or-flight response includes increased _______ and increased muscle strength.
A
fat and protein mobilization
This mobilization provides the body with energy to respond to stress.
6
Q
True or False: The fight-or-flight response decreases inflammation in the body.
A
True
This reduction in inflammation may help the body to focus resources on immediate survival.
7
Q
What happens to glucose availability during the fight-or-flight response?
A
Increased glucose availability
This provides immediate energy for the body’s heightened demands.
8
Q
Name two physiological effects of the fight-or-flight response that support physical activity.
A
- Increased muscle strength
- Increased blood flow to muscles
These effects enhance physical capabilities during stressful situations.
9
Q
Flight or flight
A
Sympathetic
10
Q
Calming and restorative
example stimulation during digestion
A
parasympathetic
11
Q
stress hormone
A
Cortisol
12
Q
Release glucose and sympathetic facilitates the release of glucose
A
glucocorticoids
13
Q
Flight or flight response
Signal from the brain >____>releases hormones>____> increases heart rate, breathing, blood sugar, and speeds up metabolism
A
adrenal gland
Increases energy storage glucose)
14
Q
What works together to release hormones?
A
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
15
Q
what gland sits on top of the kidney?
A
adrenal gland
16
Q
A
True
17
Q
What’s the purpose of the immune system staying balance
A
Good level of immune without being too much is needed
At a young age, your body sends immune cells to your body to learn them and store them
18
Q
Body attack itself and its own tissue
A
Auto immune
19
Q
antibodies formed to a specific ___
A
Antigen
20
Q
What is the primary function of the immune system?
A
To distinguish self from non-self and protect the body from invaders.
This includes recognizing antigens from the environment.
21
Q
What are the characteristics of the immune system?
A
- Self-regulated
- Self-limiting
- Must distinguish self from non-self
These characteristics ensure that the immune response is appropriate and controlled.
22
Q
What type of protection does the innate immune system provide?
A
General immediate nonspecific protection against all invaders.
The innate immune response acts quickly and does not target specific pathogens.
23
Q
How long does the adaptive (acquired) immune response take to develop?
A
7-10 days.
This response is slower but provides specific protection against particular antigens.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: The immune system must be able to distinguish ______ from non-self.
A
[self]
This distinction is crucial for preventing autoimmune responses.
25
What type of response do innate defense barriers provide?
Nonspecific
## Footnote
Innate defense barriers respond to threats in a general manner without targeting specific pathogens.
26
How quickly do innate defense barriers respond to threats?
Immediate response
## Footnote
Innate defenses act quickly upon detection of a threat, unlike adaptive defenses which take longer to mobilize.
27
What is the primary function of innate defense barriers?
Distinguish self from nonself
## Footnote
This allows the immune system to identify and combat foreign entities while protecting the body's own cells.
28
Do innate defense barriers distinguish between different pathogens?
No, they do not distinguish between pathogens
## Footnote
This means that innate defenses react similarly to various types of threats.
29
What are some components of innate defense barriers?
* Skin and mucous membranes
* Chemicals
## Footnote
These components serve as the first line of defense against pathogens entering the body.
30
What are the two types of innate defense barriers?
Physical and chemical barriers
## Footnote
These barriers serve as the first line of defense against pathogens.
31
Are physical and chemical barriers completely impenetrable?
No
## Footnote
These barriers can be breached, allowing pathogens to enter the body.
32
What are the additional bloodborne innate defenses?
Inflammatory response, pyrogens, interferons, complement proteins
## Footnote
These components play crucial roles in the body's immune response.
33
What is the role of pyrogens in the innate defense system?
They induce fever
## Footnote
Fever can enhance the immune response and inhibit pathogen growth.
34
What do interferons do in the innate immune response?
They interfere with viral replication
## Footnote
Interferons are cytokines that help protect uninfected cells from viral infections.
35
What are complement proteins involved in?
Enhancing the immune response, marking pathogens for destruction
## Footnote
Complement proteins can also lead to the lysis of pathogens.
36
True or False: The inflammatory response is part of the innate immune system.
True
## Footnote
It is a key mechanism for responding to injury and infection.
37
Chemicals within the innate defense barriers provide immune response to specific __
Antigens
38
mucous membrane line from the___to the___. It is open to the environment.
Mouth to anus
39
The skin strong response as a innate defense barrier is to release___to protect from skin
Melatin
40
True
41
Inflammatory response
42
during an inflammatory response___is released which is a vasodilator to allow more white blood cells to the area
Histamine
43
inflammatory response
Bacteria or foreign object enters the skin >___ is released from mass cells> increases____>capilaries to shrink to make more room for _____
Histamine
White blood cell
White blood cell
44
during an inflammatory response___eat microbes so they don’t get in the body
Phagocytes
45
what get rid of poisonous material during an inflammatory response?
Lymph vessels
46
What are pyrogens?
Fever-producing molecules
## Footnote
Produced by macrophages and sent to hypothalamus(reg temp)
47
What do pyrogens cause in the body?
Temperature to rise
## Footnote
This increase in temperature raises metabolism and enhances healing and phagocytosis
48
What is the effect of a severe fever?
Life-threatening
## Footnote
Severe fevers can be dangerous and require medical attention
49
What is the life-threatening fever temperature for adults?
105°F
## Footnote
Temperatures above this level can be critical for adult patients
50
What is the life-threatening fever temperature for infants 0-3 months?
100.3°F
## Footnote
Infants are particularly vulnerable to fever complications
51
What is the life-threatening fever temperature for infants aged 3-6 months?
101°F
## Footnote
Monitoring fever in infants is crucial for their health
52
What is the life-threatening fever temperature for infants older than 6 months?
103°F
## Footnote
Continued vigilance is necessary for infants as they grow
53
why are fevers too high bad for the body?
Destroy enzymes that facilitate chemical reactions in the body
54
Eat up, viruses bacteria, dead tissue in the body
Macrophages look like Pac-Man
55
Proteins released from virus-infected cells
interferons
56
How do interferons function?
They bind to nearby uninfected cells
57
What do uninfected cells release upon binding with interferons?
An enzyme that prevents viral replication
58
What happens when a virus infects cells that have interacted with interferons?
They are unable to replicate
59
Antibody creation
60
Several plasma proteins that enhance antibodies
enhance body response to body
complement proteins
## Footnote
Complement proteins are crucial components of the immune system.
61
How are complement proteins activated?
By antigens
## Footnote
Antigens are substances that induce an immune response.
62
What roles do complement proteins play?
Multiple roles in the immune and inflammatory response
## Footnote
These roles include enhancing the actions of antibodies and direct attack on pathogens.
63
What is one way complement proteins attack pathogens?
They attack bacteria itself
## Footnote
This is part of the innate immune response.
64
What effect do complement proteins have on blood vessels?
Vasodilation to the infected area
## Footnote
Vasodilation increases blood flow to the site of infection.
65
What process do complement proteins use to recruit white blood cells?
Chemotaxis to draw WBCs to the area
## Footnote
Chemotaxis is the movement of cells toward a chemical stimulus.
66
attack bacteria>create holes in the bacteria> water flows in> explodes> macrophages eat it
Complement protein process
67
Send protein into blood to tell the immune system. There is an infection to bring white blood cells to the site.
Chemotaxis
68
adaptive (acquired) defenses
69
Destroy cells directly or stimulates B cells
T-cells
70
Humoral immunity where we get antibodies
B cells
71
What is an antigen?
A substance that triggers an immune response
72
What mediates cellular immunity?
T cells
73
Where are T cells produced?
Bone marrow
74
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
75
What is the role of T helper cells?
Activate B cells to produce antibodies
76
Turn off antibody production
t suppressor cells
77
Destroy infected cells by destroying cell walls
Create holes, bring in water to burst and destroy the cell
killer cells or cytotoxic cells
78
What types of threats do T cells protect against?
Viruses and cancer
79
Fill in the blank: T cells are produced in _______.
Bone marrow
80
What is the role of T cells in the immune system?
T cells protect against viruses and cancer.
## Footnote
T cells are a type of lymphocyte that play a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
81
What type of immunity is mediated by B cells?
Humoral immunity.
## Footnote
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to antigens.
82
Where are B cells made and matured?
B cells are made and mature in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes.
## Footnote
Bone marrow is the primary site for B cell development.
83
What are the two types of cells B cells differentiate into?
B cells differentiate into:
* Memory cells
* Immunoglobulin-secreting cells (plasma cells or effector cells)
## Footnote
Memory cells provide long-term immunity, while plasma cells produce antibodies.
84
How long does it take for antibodies to be produced after initial antigen exposure?
72 hours.
## Footnote
This timeframe reflects the primary immune response.
85
What do antibodies protect against?
Antibodies protect against:
* Bacteria
* Viral reinfection
* Immediate inflammatory response
## Footnote
Antibodies are crucial for neutralizing pathogens.
86
What does each B cell have that is specific to an antigen?
Each B cell has a receptor for a specific antigen.
## Footnote
This specificity is key for the adaptive immune response.
87
What happens upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?
Leads to a quicker response due to memory cells.
## Footnote
Memory cells allow for a faster and more robust immune response upon re-exposure.
88
Stimulated by an antigen to create antibodies
B cell
89
Take memory of antigens in Store them for later reinfection
B memory cells
90
created in bone marrow to create immunoglobulin (acts as antibody)
Plasma cells or effector cells
91
Role of immunoglobin G (IgG)
main defense against bacteria
92
Triggered during allergic reaction
IgE
93
Helps anchor cell membrane
IgD
94
build a unit as we get older from exposure to antigens and vaccines
Acquired immunity: active immunity
95
external source
example breast feeding
acquired immunity: passive immunity
96
Physical barriers are part of the innate defenses
97
Exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance
Hypersensitivity
## Footnote
Hypersensitivity can lead to allergic reactions and other immune-related disorders.
98
Mistakes self as nonself
autoimmune
## Footnote
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
99
What is immunodeficiency?
Inadequate immune reaction
## Footnote
Immunodeficiency can be primary (genetic) or secondary (acquired).
100
Fill in the blank: Hypersensitivity is an _______ immune response to a foreign substance.
exaggerated
101
Fill in the blank: Autoimmune conditions involve the immune system mistaking _______ as nonself.
self
102
Fill in the blank: Immunodeficiency is characterized by an _______ immune reaction.
inadequate
103
What is hypersensitivity?
Inflated response to antigen
## Footnote
Hypersensitivity leads to inflammation, which destroys healthy tissue.
104
What are the potential outcomes of hypersensitivity?
Leads to inflammation, which destroys healthy tissue
## Footnote
Inflammation can result from both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
105
How many types of hypersensitivity are there?
Four types
## Footnote
The four types include Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV.
106
What characterizes Type I hypersensitivity?
Immunoglobulin E mediated
## Footnote
Type I hypersensitivity often involves allergic reactions.
107
What is a defining feature of Type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction - tissue specific
## Footnote
This type involves antibodies that target specific tissues.
108
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex-mediated
## Footnote
Involves the formation of immune complexes that can trigger inflammation.
109
What is the main characteristic of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction - cell mediated
## Footnote
This type does not involve antibodies but rather T cells.
110
True or False: Hypersensitivity can only occur immediately.
False
## Footnote
Hypersensitivity can be immediate or delayed.
111
allergen activates___that stimulates___to produce IGE
T helper cells
B cell
112
hypersensitivity type 1 IGE mediated
113
internal or external antigen
Example blood transfusion
Hypersensitivity type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
114
example during blood transfusions, you receive noncompatible blood, and it will break apart red blood cell cells
hypersensitivity type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
115
Autoimmune
hypersensitivity type 3 immune complex – mediated hypersensitivity reaction
116
Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reaction
117
C.
118
What is key for the success of transplants?
Making the best match of tissue antigens
## Footnote
A proper match minimizes the risk of rejection and improves transplant outcomes.
119
What are the two donor sources for transplants?
Living or a cadaver
## Footnote
Living donors can donate organs or tissues, while cadaver donors provide organs from deceased individuals.
120
What are the four categories of transplants?
* Allogenic
* Syngenic
* Autologous
* Xenogenic
## Footnote
Each category describes the relationship between the donor and recipient.
121
Donor and recipient are related or unrelated, but share similar tissue types
Allogenic
## Footnote
This type of transplant can involve family members or unrelated individuals with compatible tissue.
122
Donor and recipient are identical twins
syngenic transplants.
## Footnote
This is a very rare type of transplant due to the need for identical genetic material.
123
Donor and recipient are the same person; most successful
autologous transplants.
## Footnote
This often involves storing one's own blood or tissues for future use.
124
Use of tissue from another species
xenogenic transplants.
## Footnote
An example is using a pig heart valve in human patients.
125
hyperacute tissue rejection
126
T cells cause response neutrophils attack tissue
Acute tissue rejection
127
Building up on wall, resulting in no blood flow
chronic tissue rejection
128
Host fights the graft
The recipients immune system attempts to eliminate the donor cells
Body fights, the foreign object
Host vs graft disease
129
Transplant activate cell mutated response within the host.
Transplant attacks the host
Graft vs host
130
Autologous
131
Autoimmune disorders
132
Auto immune disorder
133
Maller or butterfly rash across the bridge of nose and cheeks
Systemic lupus erythematosus wolf
134
4 or more must be positive
Systemic lupus erythematosus wolf
135
turtle corticosteroids decrease inflammation helps with immune system overreacting
Systemic lupus erythematosus wolf
136
Proper platelet count with testing
137
Immuno deficiency
138
parasitic: needs cells to infect virus, which then goes into the cell> infects the RNA, which then affects the DNA and create a permanent change in DNA
HIV
139
Aids progression
140
Aids progression
141
Aids classification system
142
Aids treatment
143
False
144
very young don’t produce a lot of antibodies
Overuse of antibiotics cause super bugs and a decrease in normal flora
Individuals at risk for immune dysfunction
145
Immune building strategies
146
True
