Mod 3 Cardiovascular Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
delivers vital oxygen and nutrients to cells
Close circuit
Remove waste products
Transports hormones from original organ to target Oregon to maintain balance
A
Function of the cardiovascular system
2
Q
❤️>❤️
carries blood throughout the body to meet the bodies needs and remove waist products
Includes arteries, veins, and capillaries
Works with the lymphatic system (recoup fluid)
A
Systemic branch of cardiovascular system
3
Q
❤️>lung>❤️
Carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange
A
Pulmonary branch of cardiovascular system
4
Q
an increase in fluid will do what to the blood pressure
A
Increase
5
Q
A decrease in fluid will do what to the blood pressure
A
Decrease it
6
Q
Ability of the body to push fluids, nutrients, and oxygen out to the tissues
A
perfusion
Substances in bloodstream >out to capilaries> surrounding tissues
7
Q
What is the largest ventricle?
A
Left ventricle is the largest and thickest
8
Q
Do arteries bring product two or away from the heart
A
Away
9
Q
Deoxygenated blood > vena cava >____>r ventricle>____>_____
A
right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk/pulmonary artery
Lungs
10
Q
O2 blood from the lungs > ____>L atrium>___>____> body
A
Into the ❤️ through pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
Aorta *main artery
11
Q
where can you find the apical pulse?
A
Apex of the heart
12
Q
Where does gas exchange happen?
A
Aveoli
13
Q
capillaries around the alveoli get rid of _____>exchange for ____>_____
A
get rid of CO2
Exchange for O2
Go into the pulmonary vein wall
14
Q
A
Bicuspid valve
15
Q
A
Leaves from the right ventricle
16
Q
surround the heart to provide protection and support
Encompasses serous fluid to prevent friction rub
A
pericardium/pericardial sac
17
Q
cardiac muscle
Provide contractile unit
Excitatory cells set normal sinus rhythm
A
Myocardium
18
Q
inner lining, including the valves
One layer
Simple Squamous cells
A
Endocardium
19
Q
receiving chambers
Pumped to the ventricles
A
atrias
in the top of the heart
20
Q
pumping chambers
A
ventricles
In the bottom of the heart
*Ventricular walls, especially the left ventricle are thicker than the atrium walls
21
Q
right ventricles > pump to the___
A
lungs
22
Q
left ventricle’s pump to the___
A
Body
23
Q
deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters from the ____ & the _____
blood enters directly into the___
From the right atrium, blood travels through the tricuspid valve to the ____
The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonic valve to the____
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the ____for ____
A
superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
pulmonary arteries /pulmonary trunk
Lungs for gas exchange
24
Q
oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation enters from the_____
Blood empties directly into the _____
Blood leaves the _____through the mitral valve to the ______
The ___ then pumps blood through the
_____to the _____
From the aorta, the blood is carried to the rest of the _____
A
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Left atrium to the left ventricle
Left ventricle, aortic valve to the aorta
Body
25
False
26
organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells
conduction system
27
what are the three controls of the conduction system?
Excitability
Conductivity
Automaticity
28
ability of the cells to respond to electrical impulses
Excitability
29
ability of the cells to conduct electrical impulses
From one side to the next automatically
Conductivity
30
ability to generate an impulse to contract with no external nerve stimulus
Automaticity
31
Impulses originate in the___high in the right atrium at a rate of 60 to 100 BPM
Impulse travel through the right and left atria causing___
impulses then travel to the___, in the right atrium adjacent to the septum
Impulses then move rapidly through the___, right and left___and___of fibers, causing ventricular contraction
sinoatrial node (SA node)
atrial contraction
atrioventricular node (AV node)
bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje network
32
The AV node can initiate impulses if the ____ node fails
SA node fails
Rate: 40-60 BPM
Bad due to low heart rate
33
increase in electrical charge
Accomplish through cellular ion exchange
Generate cardiac contraction
electrical activity depolarization
(active)
34
Cellular recovery (atria & vent recover)
Ions returning to the cell membrane in preparation for depolarization (ion rebalance)
Electrical activity: repolarization
35
Atrial depolarization (atria contraction)
P wave
36
Ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization)
QRS complex
37
Ventricular repolarization (reset ions)
T wave
38
Happens within the QRS complex
Atrial repolarization
39
A & C
40
cardiac work phase
Pressure blood vessels when the heart is contracting
Systolic
41
cardiac rest phase
Heart relaxing
Diastolic
42
The difference between the diastolic and systolic blood pressure numbers
pulse pressure
Higher, the pulse pressure, the higher, the pressure on the heart
If it is higher, the heart is pushing blood out harder
43
Equation for cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
Stroke volume is how much blood is pumped out with each pump
44
sympathetic nervous system – cause overall contraction of blood vessels, which increases pressure in the cardiovascular system and increases the___
Parasympathetic nervous system – blood vessels, relax, which decreases the heart rate
Arterial elasticity
peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
45
what are influences on blood pressure?
Afterload
Preload
Hormones
46
The pressure needed to eject blood
Blood viscosity – thick blood/blood vessels equals increase__. The blood left behind can cause a clot
PVR
Afterload
47
amount of blood returning
Blood volume
Venus return
Preload
48
antidiuretic hormone
Renin angiotension I to II – aldosterone system
Hormones that influence blood pressure
49
True
50
Carrie oxygenated blood away from the heart
Arteries
51
Carrie deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Veins
52
Site of exchange
Capillaries
53
Kidneys regularly___
Bp
54
how often is the bloodstream filtered?
Q45 min
55
release from the adrenal glands, reabsorbed salts
* water follows salt for balance, which increases blood volume
Aldosterone
56
Stimulates thirst receptors to tell you to drink more water and increase fluid. Increases a blood pressure systemically by constructing all blood vessels.
angiotensin II
57
Mild form. Increases blood pressure, stimulates, sympathetic nervous system system to increase the heart rate and increase the blood pressure and helps with salt retention.
angiotensin I
58
role of kidneys in blood pressure
Release renin into blood>converts to___>____ >angiotensin converting enzyme activate>_____
Angiotensinogen which then turns to
Angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 2
59
One self thick membrane
Allows body to get substances across and out into the bloodstream and tissues
Allows them to observe substances back into the venous system to re-oxygenate
Capillaries
60
____lead to smaller arteriole>cap beds
Arteries
61
True
62
tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica Avent
Three layers of blood vessels
63
Inner layer blood vessel
Tunica intima
64
Middle muscular layer of blood vessels
Tunica media
65
Outer elastic layer of blood vessels
tunica Aventitia
66
Exception!!!!
carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart
Pulmonary artery
67
exception!!!!
Carries oxygen and bleed blood to the heart
Pulmonary vein
68
Within an artery, what layer is the thickest due to the blood pressure coming out of the heart and increased resistance?
Tunica media
69
Within a vein, what layer is the thickest to anchor veins that contain valves to promote a one-way passage.
Tuna externa
70
when there is backflow within veins, what does it cause?
Varicose veins
71
Lymphatic system
72
Drains the lower extremities comes up into the subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
73
Drain the upper extremities into the subclavian vein
Lymphatic vessels
74
Strong immune collections of lymphocytes below the surface of the G.I. track to fight off infection agents we ingest
peyers patch (small intestine)
75
Functional abnormalities with the heart cause what?
Decrease cardiac output
76
Lack of blood getting out to the tissues
inability to push blood out to the tissues to profuse tissues with fresh oxygen and nutrients to function properly
altered tissue perfusion within the heart
Ex CAD, thrombi or emboli
77
Fluid buildup compresses on the heart, causing pericardial effusion
Pericarditis
78
Falling arterial pressure – not enough blood back into the heart = not enough out to maintain arterial pressure
pericarditis – cardiac tamponade
79
Constrictive pericarditis
80
Pericarditis
81
Blood clot attached to something
Thrombus
82
traveling clot
Embolus
83
Infective endocarditis
84
Can travel through the blood and get into the muscle tissue
Myocarditis
85
Infective endocarditis
86
cardiac tamponade
87
Myocarditis
88
narrowing (hardening)
less blood can flow through the valve
Caused decreased cardiac output, increased cardiac workload, and hypertrophy
Stenosis
89
insufficient closure backflow)
Blood flows in both directions through the valve
Causes decreased cardiac output, increase cardiac workload, hypertrophy, and dilation
Regurgitation
90
Cardiomyopathy
91
large flabby heart
Decreased cardiac output
Blood stagnation = clots
Dilated cardiomyopathy
92
walls of the ventricles get thick
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
93
hard tissue that won’t relax to let enough blood back into the heart. It can’t contract as efficient.
Hemochromatosis – unable to process iron appropriately > deposits iron in the body within the heart and liver> causes scar tissue on the heart muscle, causing restriction and unable to contract/relax appropriately
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
94
Less than 60 BPM’s regular
Sinus Brady
95
more than 100 BPM regular (atria)
sinus tachy
96
irregular more than 100 bpm
Saw tooth
Heart failure
A flutter
97
more than 100 bpm
Irregular
atria firing instead of the SA node
Heart failure
No, P wave
A fib
98
sudden outburst of heartbeats
Greater than 100 bpm
SVT
99
Sinus tachycardia/bradycardia
Atrial flutter
Afib
Svt
Junctional rhythm
Supraventricular rhythm
Above the ventricles: in the atria or in the junction of the atria/ventricular
100
AV node setting rhythm
Less than 60 BPM usually (40-60)
Junctional rhythm
101
Extra heart beat from ventricles
Extra p wave
Pvc
102
>100 bpm
Seen inpatients with MI
Vtach
Can progress to vfib
103
pVC
Vtach
Vfib
In the ventricles
104
Signals blocked between atria and ventricles. Ventricles create their own beats.
Heart blocks
105
If the R is far from the P then you have what degree block
Least intense
First degree
106
Longer, longer, longer drop. Then you have what kind of block.
Wenckebach: mobitz 1
107
if some p don’t get through then what block do you have?
Mobitz two
108
if Ps & Qs don’t agree, then you have what degree block
3. The worst block
109
False
110
Heart failure
111
Heart failure
112
Decrease contractility
Systemic dysfunction heart failure
113
Decrease filling
Diastolic dysfunction heart failure
114
Decrease contractility and decrease filling
Mixed dysfunction, both systolic and diastolic heart failure
115
cardiac output falls
Blood back up to the pulmonary circulation
Causes left ventricular, infarction, hypertension, and aortic and mitral valves stenosis
manifestations – pulmonary congestion, dyspnea and activity into intolerance
left sided heart failure
Blood backs up into the left side of the heart which backs into the lung causing pulmonary congestion
116
blood back up to the peripheral circulation
Causes – pulmonary disease, left sided failure, and pulmonic and tricuspid valve stenosis
Manifestations– edema and weight gain
Right sided heart failure
117
Overhaul between the right and left atrium that does not close at birth
foreman OVALE
118
The blood vessel between the aorta and pulmonary trunk does not close
Patent ductus arteriosus
119
Multiple heart defects
Teralogy of fallot
120
Tetraology of fallot
121
Patent ductue arteriosus
122
Patent foramen ovale
Should close after first breath
123
weakening in an artery
Blood vessels, unable to get blood out to the tissues
Common in the abdominal aorta(below diaphragm), thoracic aorta (above diaphragm? and cerebral, femoral and papal arteries
aneurysm
124
Aneurysms that bulge on the side
saccular aneurysm
125
aneurysm that affects the entire circumference
Fusiform aneurysm
126
affects all three vessel layers:
tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa
True aneurysms
Example saccular aneurysm and fusiform
127
does not affect all three layers of the vessel
Examples dissecting aneurysms (occurs in the inner layer. Such as a aorta dissection
False aneurysms
128
can cause athlesclerosis and heart disease
Dyslipidemia
129
Carrie is mostly triglycerides
Very low density lipoproteins
Less than 150
130
mostly serum cholesterol
most invasive. Distribute cholesterol out to the tissues.
Requires lifestyle modification
Low density lipoproteins
Bad cholesterol
Less than 100
131
mostly protein
Gathers extra cholesterol from the bloodstream and tissues and bring it back to the liver to get rid of it
Eat bright colored food, such as spinach, grape juice, fruits, veggies, and wine to increase
High density Lipoproteins
Good cholesterol
Greater than 60
132
damages tunica interna by thickening the walls
Can lead to blood clot
Atherosclerosis
133
Narrowing of the peripheral vessels
## Footnote
Peripheral vascular disease can significantly affect blood flow and lead to various complications.
134
* Atherosclerosis
* Thrombus
* Inflammation
* Vasospasms
causes of peripheral vascular disease
These factors can lead to reduced blood flow and tissue damage.
135
An inflammatory condition of the arteries which can lead to damaged tissue
thromboangiitis obliterans
## Footnote
This condition is also known as Buerger's disease.
136
Vasospasms of arteries, usually in the hands, because of sympathetic stimulation
Raynaud's disease
## Footnote
It often leads to color changes in the fingers or toes.
137
What is Raynaud's phenomenon associated with?
An autoimmune condition
## Footnote
This condition can exacerbate symptoms of Raynaud's disease.
138
What is the 'red white blue' presentation in patients' hands indicative of?
Raynaud's disease
## Footnote
This color change occurs during episodes of vasospasm.
139
True or False: Atherosclerosis is one of the causes of peripheral vascular disease.
True
## Footnote
Atherosclerosis is a common cause that leads to narrowing of the vessels.
140
Fill in the blank: Thromboangiitis obliterans can lead to _______.
damaged tissue & necrotic tissue
## Footnote
This condition primarily affects small and medium-sized arteries.
141
Aortic dissection
142
atherosclerosis
143
Aneurysm
144
Raynaud
145
saccular aneurysm
146
Fusiform aneurysm
147
Thromboangiitis obliterans
148
Thrombus
149
pulse present
Skin color rubor
skin warm
Swelling present
Venus thrombus
150
pulse weak or absent
Skin color cyanotic
Skin cool to touch
minimal or no swelling
Arterial thrombus
151
Blood pulling back into the veins
Varicose veins
152
Lymphedema
153
pulmonary embolism
Embolus in the lung tissue in the blood supply
154
Varicose vein
155
Lymphedema
156
Thrombus
157
Embolism
158
Coronary artery disease
159
Anterior descending goes to the front of the ventricles and left side of the heart
left coronary artery
160
goes to the right side of the heart and the back of the heart
right coronary artery
161
Intermittent chest pain resulting from myocardium ischemia or spasm of coronary arteries
angina
## Footnote
Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease.
162
Goes away with demand reduction
Stable angina
## Footnote
Stable angina typically occurs during physical exertion or stress.
163
Increased intensity or frequency, does not go away with demand reduction, or occurs at rest
Unstable angina
## Footnote
Unstable angina is more serious and can be a precursor to a heart attack.
164
What can cause angina?
Coronary artery spasm
## Footnote
A spasm can temporarily decrease blood flow to the heart muscle.
165
What is myocardial infarction?
Permanent necrotic damage to the myocardium
## Footnote
Myocardial infarction is commonly known as a heart attack.
166
Myocardial infarction
166
Stress on heart
Decreased cardiac output and altered perfusion
hypertension
167
most common form (essential or idiopathic. Most likely genetic)
Develops gradually overtime
unknown cause 
Primary hypertension
168
tends to be more sudden and severe
Causes – renal disease, adrenal gland, tumors, certain congenital, heart, defects, certain medications, and illegal drugs
Secondary hypertension
169
especially intense form
Does not respond well to treatment
Can be classified into systolic or diastolic based on which measures is e elevated
Spikes intermittently
Malignant hypertension
170
decrease blood volume or circulatory stagnation, resulting in inadequate tissue and organ perfusion
Shock
171
sympathetic, nervous system and renin -angiotensin-aldosterone system are activated to help increase BP
Compensatory shock
172
unable to increase BP
Tissues become hypoxic, so switched to anaerobic metabolism (slower to create energy), lactic acid buildup, and metabolic acidosis develops
Progressive shock
173
In what stage of shock does organ damage occur?
irreversible
174
loss of vascular, sympathetic tone and autonomic function lead to massive vasodilation
W Massive vasodilation unable to maintain proper BP
Neurogenic shock
175
bacterial endotoxins activate an immune reaction
Systemic BP drops
Septic shock
176
Excessive allergic reaction
Anaphylactic shock
177
left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output
Cardiogenic shock
178
Venus return reduces because of external blood, volume losses or massive vasodilation
Hypovolemic shack
179
A
