Mod 4

Question 1

What does the word Thorax mean?

Answer 1

Breast plate in greek. Division of the body that lies between the head and the abdomen (neck to diaphragm).

Question 2

Bony thorax is formed by what?

Answer 2

Sternum, thoracic vertebra, ribs and spine. Includes heart, lungs and major blood vessels

Question 3

What is the function of the bony thorax?

Answer 3

Protect the organs of the thorax and aid in respiration.

Question 4

What is the superior and inferior portions of the thorax called?

Answer 4

Thoracic inlet (superior) and thoracic outlet (inferior)

Question 5

What are lungs made up of?

Answer 5

Parenchyma and Pleura

Question 6

What is the parenchyma?

Answer 6

The part of the lung that is actually doing the respiration, also known as the gaseous exchange.

*Lung markings on a chest x-ray

Question 7

The right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung has ____.

Answer 7

3; 2

Question 8

Besides having two lobes instead of three, what else is different about the left lobe compared to the right lobe?

Answer 8

Large notch on the medial surface of the inferior lobe where the heart resides. Called the cardiac notch.

Question 9

What is the tongue-like projection inferior to the cardiac notch on the left lung?

Answer 9

Lingula

Question 10

Lungs are the organ of __________.

Answer 10

respiration

Question 11

What is respiration?

Answer 11

Gasseous exchange that occurs between the respiratory air that we breath in and our blood.

Question 12

Lungs are very ______-like and made up of ______ and _____.

Answer 12

sponge; parenchyma; pleura

Question 13

What does the parenchyma consist of?

Answer 13

• That part of the lung that is actually doing the respiration (gasseous exchange).
• It is the key part of the organ that is essential to its function.
• It is distinct and different from the other supportive material that makes up that organ
• When doing chest x-ray we want to see air filling up alveolar to see lung markings to view parenchyma

Question 14

Lungs begin at the _____ all the way down to the _______ _______ and ______ ______.

Answer 14

apex; diaphragmatic surface; costaphrenic angles

Question 15

The lobes of the lungs are divided by _______.

Answer 15

fissures

Question 16

Where on the lungs is the cardiac notch located?

Answer 16

On the right lung, inferior lobe, medial surface.

Question 17

There are ____ serous membranes in the thorax. What are they?

Answer 17

two; Visceral and Parietal pleura.

Question 18

What is the serous membrane that covers the lungs?

Answer 18

Visceral pleura

Question 19

What is the visceral pleura?

Answer 19

The inner most layer that closely covers the outer surface of the lungs and continues into the fissures and covers each lobe as well.

Question 20

What is the parietal pleura?

Answer 20

The outer most serous membrane and continuous with the thoracic wall and the diaphragm

Question 21

Both of these pleuras secrete what? What is the purpose?

Answer 21

Small amounts of pleural fluid which provide lubrication between the surfaces during breathing.

Question 22

The right and left mainstem bronchus are at the level of the __________.

Answer 22

carina.

Question 23

The mediastinum is the middle section of the chest cavity and the organs that are located in the mediastinum include what?

Answer 23

• heart
• aorta
• thymus gland
• trachea (chest portion)
• esophagus
• lymph nodes
• very important nerves

Question 24

What is the thymus gland?

Answer 24

• Primary gland of the lymphatic system
• Produces the thymasin hormone
• Two pyramid shaped lobes
• Located in the lower neck/upper mediastinum
• Anterior to trachea and great vessels of the heart

Question 25

What does the thymasin hormone do?

Answer 25

Development and maturation of the immune system at the cellular level

Question 26

What age does the thymus gland reach maximum size?

Answer 26

Puberty then disappears with age and replaced with fat

Question 27

When would you see an enlarged thymus gland?

Answer 27

In an abnormal situation often associated with ***lymphoblastic lymphoma*** such as ***hodgkins lymphoma*** or a ***tumor called a thymoma***

Question 28

What is the lymphatic system mostly made up of?

Answer 28

Vessels and nodes \*Don't normally see them in the chest unless they are enlarged or abnormal.

Question 29

What is an enlarged lymphnode called?

Answer 29

lymphadenopathy

Question 30

What is the heart and where is it?

Answer 30

* hollowed, four chamber, muscular organ * mid-portion of mediastinum * sits obliquely in the chest \*Size of large clenched fist

Question 31

What covers the heart?

Answer 31

The pericardium or pericardial sack \*Sack surrounds the heart and proximal parts of the great vessels entering and exiting the heart

Question 32

What is pericarditis

Answer 32

Inflamation and swelling of the pericardial sack

Question 33

The ________ push the blood out of the heart.

Answer 33

ventricles

Question 34

The atrioventricular valves are what?

Answer 34

Right side is tricuspid and left side is bicuspid. \*Try before you buy

Question 35

What valve prevents blood from flowing from into the right ventricle from the pulmonary is what?

Answer 35

Semi lunar valve

Question 36

Which arteries are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?

Answer 36

Pulmonary arteries \*Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 37

What veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 37

The pulmonary veins

Question 38

Typically arteries carry ______ blood and veins carry ______ blood.

Answer 38

oxygenated; deoxygenated

Question 39

What does the azygous vein do?

Answer 39

The deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava.

Question 40

What can vary in its appearance?

Answer 40

The azygous vein.

Question 41

What two things must we know about the azygous vein?

Answer 41

* There is ***not*** a right and left azygous vein * It drains deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava.

Question 42

The thoracic duct is also called what?

Answer 42

Left lymphatic duct

Question 43

What is the largest lymphatic system in the body and collects most of the lymph in the body?

Answer 43

Thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)

Question 44

What does the thoracic duct do?

Answer 44

Drains lymphatic fluid into the circulatory system at the left brachiocephalic vein between left subclavian and left internal jugular vein