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module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

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2
Q

gene speciation

A

gene that contributes to the splitting of two lineages by reducing the amount of gene flow between them.

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3
Q

HeLa cells

A

derived from human tumor cells
kept alive through nutrients (growth media)
provide method to experiment in in-vitro system that contains human cells

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4
Q

Genetic program

A

genetic information is used to
encode nucleic acids
used based on needs of cell or organism as a whole
conserved across life forms: different species carry similar genes

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5
Q

Blast

A

determines closeness in genetic code
first entry should be the sequence entered
max score value gives positive value of homology, higher the value, the more closely related
E-value gives probability result was random and not homologous, lower the number the greater the homology

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6
Q

ion channel

A

protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

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7
Q

bacteria

A

circular plasmid hold genetic makeup

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8
Q

“loss of function mutation”

A

A type of mutation in which the altered gene product lacks the molecular function of the wild-type gene

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9
Q

receptor

A

A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell.

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10
Q

paralog

A

genes related by duplication within a genome, may evolve to produce new functions, usually related to the original one

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11
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

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12
Q

dna

A

contains code prescribing rna codon, code is arranged in genes
deoxyribose sugar (has H at 2’ position)

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13
Q

rna

A

ribose sugar (has OH group at 2’ spot)
rna codon prescribes order of synthesis for amino acids in protein

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14
Q

differentiation

A

the normal process by which a less specialized cell undergoes maturation to become more distinct in form and function.

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15
Q

NCBI

A

data base managed by national center for biotechnology information
basic local alignment search tool used to search homology of protein of nucleotide sequences

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16
Q

vesicle transport

A

responsible for molecular traffic between a variety of specific membrane-enclosed compartments

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17
Q

virus

A

Submicroscopic particles which can not replicate without a host. Viruses consists of genetic material (RNA or DNA) and an encapsulating protein envelop (caspid).

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18
Q

ligand

A

substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose
could be used as a signal when binds to protein

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19
Q

signal transduction

A

process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, which ultimately results in a cellular response.

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20
Q

DNA replication

A

process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells.

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21
Q

nucleic acid

A

purine (2 ring) or pyrimidine (1 ring), ring structure contains N and C
makes up DNA and RNA

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22
Q

integrase

A

allows integration of viral DNA into the genome of the T-cell
ex: raltegravir

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23
Q

HIV

A

infects helper t-cells by gp120 protein
high mutation rate since reverse transcriptase is error prone
single strand RNA requires reverse transcriptase for making the DNA copy of the virus.

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24
Q

alpha-complementation

A

positive selection for gene introduction
used to determine success of cloning

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25
homology
two genes derived from the same gene in a common ancestor
26
orthologue
genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene by speciation, normally retain same function in the course of evolution
27
genetic material
passed from parent cells and helps determine characteristics
28
enzymes
used to achieve the activation energy to enable chemical reactions to occur rapidly
29
metabolism
total of cell's chemical reactions
30
prokaryotes
cells without defined nuclear envelope
31
eukaryote
cells with defined nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane structure
32
bacteriophage
virus that can infect bacteria genome is replicated by bacteria can clone gene into the viral DNA, infect the bacteria, recover the DNA can have selectable markers such as antibiotic resistance During the lytic cycle of infection will release progeny DNA
33
reverse transcriptase
DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into DNA. This enzyme is able to synthesize a double helix DNA once the RNA has been reverse transcribed in a first step into a single-strand DNA.
34
hybrid
new species that has acquired a barrier to genetic exchange form parent species and are unable to produce fertile offspring
35
peptide bonds
covalent linkages of one amino acid to another strong bonds require energy to break give protein a primary structure
36
glycosidic bonds
covalent oxygen bonds between sugars
37
phosphodiester bonds
bond that joins two RNA or DNA linkages the 3' end of one joins with the 5' end of another
38
hydrogen bonding
Bonds C,G, A,T base pairs helix stabilized by these bonds
39
ionic bonding
attraction between oppositely charged atoms where electrons are donated and accepted
40
covalent bonding
chemical reactions formed when these are formed or broken sharing of electrons
41
hydrophobic interactions
interacts with nonpolar amino acids, side chains, and other lipid moieties has these reactions with stacking bases that aid in helix stability
42
motif
defined arrangements between conformations
43
domain
distinct modules that fold individually of other portions of the proteins
44
coiled-coiled motif
two or more alpha helices that wrap around each other
45
helix loop helix motif
found in transcription factors which have DNA binding and protein interaction domains
46
zinc finger motif
small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions in order to stabilize the fold
47
transcription factor
protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
48
channel
special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions
49
transformation
term for putting plasmid into the bacteria
50
transfection
term for putting plasmid into a eukaryotic cell
51
fusion protein
have same dynamics as WT protein, is florescent and can be seen with florescent microscope least two domains that are encoded by separate genes that have been joined so that they are transcribed and translated as a single unit, producing a single polypeptide
52
probe and target
radioactive blot membrane with probe of complementary sequence to DNA of interest
53
RFLP
pattern of DNA after endonucleases cleave DNA restriction sites through out the genome of an individual each person has unique pattern of fragments
54
Bradford analysis
proteins quantitated by Coomassie blue conjugation and spectrometry at abs=595 nm accurate at 1.0 microgram/ ml prepare standard curve
55
Palindromic
nucleic acid sequence in a double-stranded DNA or RNA molecule whereby reading in a certain direction on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction on the complementary strand.
56
southern blot
use to know whether DNA sample contains homolog of gene of interest
57
SDS
detergent that will denature proteins to rod shapes and cover them with uniform negative charges, will help spread on gel be determined my mw
58
immunoprecipitaion
prepare cell/tissue add primary antibody targeting protein of interest, to supernate add secondary antibody conjugated with agarose resin wash precipitated complexes and apply on SDS-PAGE
59
cross-linking
process of forming covalent bonds or relatively short sequences of chemical bonds to join two polymer chains together.
60
GFP
green fluorescent protein fusion protein created containing this, should cause the protein to exhibit fluorescence
61
site-directed mutagenesis
put mismatch on primer designed from inserted gene use pcr to perform method to create specific, targeted changes in double stranded plasmid DNA
62
chimera
ingle organism that's made up of cells from two or more individuals, contains two sets of DNA with code to make two separate organisms ie: fetus absorbing twin
63
gel filtration
used to separate proteins high molecular weight macromolecules elute first determine proteins in eluate using suitable assay estimate approximate molecular weight of unknown proteins/ complexes using calibration curve with pre-run standard proteins of known mw
64
restriction endonuclease
restriction enzymes cut at specific protein sequences, producing smaller pieces of DNA with specific ends bacteria derived form enzyme that recognizes palindromic sequence of nucleotides and cleaves DNA backbone in a particular manner through the palindrome
65
DNA denature
electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments and denature them, creates single stranded DNA
66
EMSA
construct radioactive probe mix hot DNA with protein mixture separate non-denaturing gel by PAGE dry gel on membrane Use autoradiography to detect the bands from radiation on the DNA probe use control to show specific DNA binding Use a control to demonstrate specific protein
67
blocking
prevents others from binding
68
PCR
tool used to amplify DNA from genes for assays makes possible to increase the amount of dna from small sample uses principles of replication and melting/annealing cycles
69
knock in/knock-out trangenic mouse
create a loss of function mutation of gene of interest in mouse and observe the phenotype knockout= gene targeted and inactivated knockin= alter mouse genetic sequence to add foreign genetic material
70
analytical centrifugation
uses special centrifuge with detection optics to measure the moving speeds of components in a solution output numbers are in Svedberg units
71
PAGE
type of denaturing or nondenaturing gel used to separate proteins by charge
72
Primary and secondary antibodies
add to protein of interest to supernate
73
yeast-2 hybrid
involves cloning of 2 plasmids to make fusion proteins
74
primers
short stretches of DNA that target unique sequences and help identify a unique part of genome
75
native gel/ non-denatured gel
uses non-denatured gels for the separation of proteins. Unlike SDS PAGE, no denaturing agent is added in the preparation of gels
76
hydrophilic
water loving
77
hydrophobic
water fearing
78
acidic COO-
carboxyl group amino acids contain
79
basic NH3+
amino acid group in amino acid structure
80
OH Hydroxyl
serine threonine Tyrosine
81
amphipathic
molecules that have polar and nonpolar ends allows for interaction between aqueous cytosol and hydrophobic interactions with non-polar amino acids, side chains, and other lipid monities
82
sulfhydrol
Sulfur and hydrogen bonded mostly found in the oxidized form as disulfide linkages. The disulfide linkages contribute to the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
83
major groove
where the backbones are far apart
84
minor groove
occurs where they are close together
85
consensus sequence
sequence of DNA, RNA, or protein that represents aligned, related sequences
86
Leeuwenhoek
used the microscope to observe unicellular organisms
87
Hooke
sent by Royal Society to investigate early microscopy and described his observations as cells
88
Schleiden
studied plant cells and yeast. Renowned for ability to study cell structure and organization from the microscope
89
Schwann
Documented that tissues were comprised of nucleated cells
90
Virchow
first doctor to describe leukemia, studied cellular pathology and encouraged the use of the microscope by doctors trying to understand the disease
91
canine ditempter etiology
paramyxovirus
92
cantine distempter
highly contagious virla disease labile in environment, dies easily "hard pad disease" hairy paws patches on nose
93
canine distemper transmission
aerosol droplets carriers shed for 2 months
94
canine distemper incubation
3-7 days
95
canine distemper diagnosis
fever w neurologic disease
96
canine distemper treatment
fluids caloric maintence control pyrexia control seizures with tranquilizers antibiotics to prevent secondary infection

cell biology (5 decks)

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