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cell biology > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

autocrine

A

target cell produces own signaling molecule

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2
Q

paracrine

A

signaling molecule produced by a cell adjacent to target cell

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3
Q

endocrine

A

signaling molecule from a cell that is related in remote location from target cell

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4
Q

sensor

A

histidine protein kinase
pathway bacteria use

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5
Q

effector

A

response regulator aspartic acid protein kinase
pathway bacteria use

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6
Q

kinase

A

protein which can transfer a phosphate anion to another protein
-changes conformation and makes active/inactive

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7
Q

phosphatase

A

proteins which remove phosphate from another protein

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8
Q

quorum sensing

A

bacteria transcribes a gene to make a protein
the protein creates and releases AI into host environment
as bacterial colony density increases the concentration of AI increases and diffuses back into the bacteria
one gene acting as regulator for own gene

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9
Q

auto inducer

A

allow bacteria to communicate both within and between different species

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10
Q

half life

A

time taken for something to undergo half of a process

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11
Q

mitogen

A

lead to immune cell activation/ stimulation

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12
Q

cAMP

A

cyclic AMP
type of secondary messenger

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13
Q

DAG

A

can activate Protein kinase C which is a serine- threonine kinase

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14
Q

G-Protein Coupled Receptor

A

membrane bound receptor , 7 membrane spanning regions
link G-protein to outside signals
have ligand binding domains on ectoplasmic face
have cytosolic domains that activate G-protein

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15
Q

G-protein

A

protein that binds to GTP(on) and GDP(off), responds rapidly
act as on/off switch
activate downstream proteins

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16
Q

arrestin

A

may bind to inhibit further signal transduction during G-protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

adenylyl cyclase

A

example of downstream effector protein

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18
Q

beta-aneregenic receptor

A

downstream effectors
type of g protein coupled receptor

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19
Q

Phosphatidylinositol

A

phosphorylated twice to produce PI, P2

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20
Q

Inositol Triphosphate

A

ligand for a calcium channel on smooth muscle

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21
Q

protein kinase C

A

activated by DAG
serine- threonine kinase​

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22
Q

phospholipase

A

PI specific phospholipase cleaves phosphorylated inositol from lipid to produce 2 secondary messengers

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23
Q

receptor tyrosine kinase

A

auto phosphorylate themselves

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24
Q

auto-phosphorylation

A

phosphate added to protein kinase by itself

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25
Receptor Tyrosine Linked Kinase
Receptors which lack kinase activity. These receptors rely on another molecule to phosphorylate and pass signal to cell effectors. Hence these receptors are Linked to a Tyrosine Kinase
26
Ras
on switch, signals mitogenic response
27
guanine exchange factor
replaces GDP with GTP to activate Ras
28
guanine dissociation inhibitor
inhibits the dissociation of GDP from Ras (guanine exchange factor)
29
GTPase activating protein
GAP mediates ras enables ras to hydrolyze gtp to gdp- ras inactive
30
mitogen activated protein
MAP
31
maturating promoting factor
MPF factors present in cytoplasm cause cell cycle progression
32
ras activating factor
activated by ras activates map kinase pathway to lead to cell proliferation causes multi step phosphorylation cascade between downstream protein kinases
33
nuclear receptor
type 1- bound to inactive form in cytoplasm or nucleus with HSP ligand dependent (steroids) type 2- bound to gene and repressed, ligand dependent (thyroid) orphan receptors
34
response element
35
orphan receptors
no identified ligand in type 2 nuclear receptor
36
Raloxifene-HCl
agonist in bone tissue for osteoporosis
37
SERM
selective estrogen receptor modulators
38
Tamoxifen/Taxol
Tamoxifen is antagonist for breast cancer
39
agonist
target gene activation binds to receptor inside a cell or on cell surface and causes same action as substance that normally binds
40
antagonist
target gene repression stops action or effect of a substance
41
bleb
surface bleb formation due to apoptosis
42
death domain receptor
external initiation of apoptosis through receptor
43
BCl-2
interacts with bid activated when stress signal detected by rer
44
Bad, bax, bak
when activated, causes changed in mitochondria permeability
45
procaspase
inactivated form of caspase
46
caspase
apoptosis involves the activation of these
47
executioner caspase
major is caspase 3 targets nucleus
48
apoptosome
49
APAF
apoptotic protease activating factor
50
caspase 8
cleaves procaspase 3 to activate procaspase 3 can target mitochondria
51
caspase 9
activates major executioner caspase (caspase-3) that targets the nucleus
52
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
bind to TNF receptor on plasma membrane initiates receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway external stress ligand
53
TNF receptor
receptor activates death domains and recruit adaptor proteins (FADD and TRADD)
54
adaptor death domain
55
granzyme
Molecules for natural killer cells that activate caspase 3
56
perforin
57
Caspase Activated DNase ??
CAD interacts with inhibitor of CAD, which changes cell fate
58
convergance
multiple signals come to same effector, cell must base response on combination, timing, and strength of these signals
59
divergence
same ligand may signal through different pathways based upon tissue type, receptor makeup, other signals
60
crosstalk
different signaling cascades and pathways communicate with each other so multiple responses may occur from one signaling event causing multiple downstream events involving other pathways
61
cytochrome-C
when released, serves as messenger for apoptotic protease activating factor-1 to convert procaspase 9 to act caspase 9
62
SOS
63
GRB2
64
thyroid receptor
type II receptor translocation to nucleus remove compressor signal, activate gene transcription
65
sterorid receptor
type I receptor conformational changes and released from carrier translocation to nucleus dimerization of receptor/ ligand complex DNA interaction, gene transcription
66
g1 phase
normal growth and metabolism
67
s phase
synthesis phase for DNA, chromosome duplication
68
g2 phase
cell growth prior to mitosis, organelles replicate
69
m phase
mitosis cell divides copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells
70
cyclin a
regulate G2 and some of m phase activities works with cdk 2
71
cyclin d
regulate G 1 activities must pair with cdk4/6
72
cyclin e
regulate s phase activites works with cdk2
73
cyclin b
works with cdk 1 master regulator for M phase
74
Cdk 4
works with cyclin d Controls M ->G1 phase transition, highest concentration in g1
75
Cdk 6
works with cyclin d Controls M ->G1 phase transition, highest concentration in g1
76
Cdk 2
works with cyclin a and cyclin e controls s-> g2 phase transition, highest concentration in g2 (a) Controls G1-> S phase transition, highest concentration in S (e)
77
Cdk 1
works with cyclin b controls g2 -> m phase transition, highest concentration in m
78
26-S Proteasome
downregulates cyclin D in g1 phase? proteolytic enzyme cyclin taken to 26S proteasome after cyclin and CDK separate
79
temperature sensitive mutants
used in cell division cycle mutants yeast grow at 25 C but not 35 C
80
ubiquitin
81
ubiquitin ligase
adds a polyubiquitin chain to cyclin
82
destruction box
specific targeting sequence recognized by proteins which bind ubiquitin to protein which needs to be destroyed
83
polyubiquitin isopeptidase
84
p21
stops cell from going through cell cycle blocks cyclin/cyclin dependent kinase from being active
85
p53
TF for p21 expressed when cell conditions are good
86
MDM2
ubiquitin ligase p53 expressed continually but gets degraded by ubiquitin proteosome pathway, done by interaction with MDM2
87
retino blastoma
inhibits gene transcription by binding to TF E2F when phosphorylated it releases E2F which transcribes cyclin E and cdk 2

cell biology (5 decks)

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