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cell biology > module 5 > Flashcards

module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

parent strand/ template

A

Provide a platform for complementary base pairing to form a new duplex

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2
Q

daughter strand

A

newly synthesized strand of DNA 5>3; made by the addition of a nucleotide that is complementary to the parent strand of DNA

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3
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Prokaryotic removed and replaced the primer

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4
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Prokaryotic major replication polymerase

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5
Q

DNA polymerase alpha

A

Initiates replication by synthesizing primer

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6
Q

DNA polymerase beta

A

Replaces nucleotide in DNA repair

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7
Q

DNA polymerase epsilon

A

Major replication polymerase leading strand

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8
Q

DNA polymerase delta

A

Major replication polymerase lagging strand

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9
Q

primer

A

Short sequence of RNA that stabilizes the initial nascent daughter strand to parent strand

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10
Q

helicase

A

Separated duplex

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11
Q

RPA

A

Replication protein A
Single strand binding protein
Protect ssDNA
Prevent complementary base pairing

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12
Q

ssDNA BP

A

Used in bacteria
Protect ssDNA
prevent complementary base pairing

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13
Q

RFC

A

Replication factor c
Loads PCNA clamp
Used in eukaryotes

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14
Q

PCNA

A

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
DNA clamp loading structure
Works with RFC in eukaryotes

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15
Q

primase

A

Used in bacteria
Add __NTP primer

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16
Q

topoisomerase

A

Enzyme that breaks binds of double stranded DNA to unwind and release supercoiling and synthesize starts

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17
Q

flap endonuclease/ FEn

A

In eukaryotes
Works with RNAse to remove primers

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18
Q

lagging strand

A

synthetic direction away from the growing fork

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19
Q

leading strand

A

can be replicated continuously and polymerization of the new strand moves with the fork

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20
Q

okazaki fragment

A

Lagging strand synthesized in short units (prokaryotic)

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21
Q

beta clamp

A

Used in bacteria
Clamp loaders

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22
Q

telomerase

A

Enzyme that elongates telomeres at lagging strand to provide a template
Has TERT, TERC
Adds repeating sequence
After extension, recruits DNA pol alpha

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23
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

extends the telomere lagging strand; enzyme used to generate complementary DNA from an RNA template

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24
Q

methyguanine methyltransferase

A

MGMT
Corrects alkylated guanine
Uses cystine residue to catalyze the reaction to methylate guanine

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25
thymine dimer
Covalent bonding of adjacent thymines in DNA caused by UV radiation
26
XPC
Functions to build scaffold that would have helicase and endonuclease activity
27
CSB
Works with XPC to recognize and repair DNA Recognition protein
28
nucleotide excision repair
Fixes Large modifications covalently bonded to base intra cross link/ diners
29
base excision repair
Corrects small changes to DNA base -Glycosylase recognize mismatch and flip it out, APE nicks one side of sugar and recruits phosphodiesterase to remove DNA sugar -DNA pol beta adds new nucleotide -last phosphodiester bond made by ligase
30
deamination
Loss of amine group Replaced by oxygen to create free radical which is highly reactive
31
thymine glycol
when thymine is oxygenated twice and releases free radical oxygen which can impact the genome
32
thymine glycosylase
enzyme that targets and removes only thymine from sugar
33
uracil glycosylase
Flips incorrect uracil out to be cleaved
34
a-basic
When removal of base sugar creates apyrimidic or apurinic site
35
a-puranic
When purine is missing during BET process (G and a)
36
a-pyrimidimic
When pyrimidine is missing during BET process (T and C)
37
endonuclease
enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain; create nicks
38
exonuclease
enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end of a chain
39
ligase
Completes last phosphodiester bond
40
MMR
mismatch repair -done for mispairs and loops from insertion/ deletion events repair system to correct mispaired bases in double stranded DNA from replication
41
MutS
Complex that checks for base stacking -won’t stack if bases mismatched
42
MutL
Coordinate between mutS and mutH to put Nick where mismatch occurred
43
MutH
Recognize heavy methylated site for bacteria
44
MSH2
in eukaryotes do recognition in MMR (G) for small loops and mistmatches recognize on large loops
45
MSH3
recognize on large loops
46
MSH6
in eukaryotes do recognition in MMR for mismatched pairs
47
MLH1
forms dimer during MMR
48
PMS2
forms dimer during MMR endonuclease activity Nicks the strand where the mis match occurred
49
IDL
insertion daughter strand candidates for what causes DNA mismatches that need repaired
50
Ku 70/80
Proteins that interact w DNA protein kinase C Used in NHEJ
51
MRE11-NBS1-Rad50 (trimer)
coordinates with pyH2AX interacts with phosphorylated yH2X
52
NHEJ repair
always will result in deletion mutation rare in bacteria, yeast, and Drosophilia NonHomologous end joining repair Used when double strand break occurs
53
holliday junction
occurs after DNA synthesis homologous or nonhomologous repairs of a strand Formed after rad 51 causes strand invasion
54
strand invasion
done by RAD51 one strand goes in and uses other strand as a template forms loop in uncut duplex
55
TERT
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase protein enzyme that can extend the telomeres
56
TERC
Telomerase RNA recruits DNA Pol alpha. DNA Pol alpha has a platform to create the last Okazaki fragment
57
Rad51
Used in homologous recombination Coordinates strand invasion process
58
Aneuploidy
Aberrant chromosome complements
59
benign tumor
Confined to local site or origin
60
malignant tumor
Faster rate of growth, rate may be same and apoptosis decreased so appears to grow faster -poorly demarcated borders, invasive growth
61
5-fluro uracil
topical drug that halts DNA synthesis and that can be used to treat basal cell carcinoma
62
temozolamide
adds methyl groups to guanine during MGMT
63
iomeguatrib
cancer therapeutic; drug that targets MGMT so DNA repair is inhibited killing the cells much the same way as temozolamide
64
PAHs
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons DNA damaging agent
65
loss of heterozygosity
Happens in mitosis from chromosome non disjunction Extra copies of chromosomes, degrades good chromosome Homozygous mutant results
66
heterogenetic
produced by infection outside the body
67
hyperchromatic
malignant cells become this nucleus that looks darker than normal when examined under the microscope
68
protooncogene
Cyclin Growth factor Receptor Produce proteins which function to enhance cell growth/division
69
tumor suppressor gene
Regulate cell growth Make sure stop correctly P21 inhibits cell cycle 2 hits required
70
metastasis
Spread of cancer behind the primary tumor -invasion into the extra cellular matrix -vascular dissemination
71
anaplasia
lack of differentiation or poorly differentiated
72
differentation
extent to which parenchymal cells resemble normal cells Benign- well differentiated Malignant- less differentiated/ undifferentiated
73
contact inhibition
arresting cell growth when cells come in contact with each other
74
epigenetic mechanisms
Promotion of cancer by gene expression or misregulation rather than mutations
75
initiation
Works with promotor to induce tumor, will not cause by itself
76
promotion
Have to have enough promoter to induce tumor with initation If enough spacing between promoters, won’t cause tumor -chemical irritant, dietary fat etc
77
mutator phenotype
characteristic behavior of a cell that has lost DNA repair ability
78
non-disjunction
describes incorrect chromosome separation during M phase
79
angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels into the tumor -supplies nutrients and oxygen and route for metastasis
80
hypo methylation
Loss inhibition Genes that should be silenced are expressed
81
hyper methylation
Silence gene activity
82
ROSs
oxidative chemicals that can be initiators of cancer; can damage cellular proteins, lipids and DNA

cell biology (5 decks)

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