Module 1 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved.
A
ionic bond
2
Q
A bond in which electrons are shared equally.
A
nonpolar covalent bond
3
Q
A bond in which electrons are shared unequally.
A
Polar covalent bond
4
Q
A charged particle is generally called an ion.
A
True
5
Q
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.
A
the release of energy
6
Q
A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
A
False
7
Q
A gene can best be defined as ________.
A
a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
8
Q
A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.
A
True
9
Q
A process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis.
A
True
10
Q
A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.
A
swell and burst
11
Q
A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being ________.
A
acidic
12
Q
A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be a(n) ________.
A
organ
13
Q
A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three-dimensional structure.
A
Hydrogen bond
14
Q
About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds.
A
False
15
Q
Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress
A
Desmosomes
16
Q
Act as “interpreter” molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences.
A
Transfer RNA
17
Q
All organic compounds contain carbon.
A
True
18
Q
Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different.
A
Mass
19
Q
An example of a coenzyme is ________.
A
riboflavin (vitamin B2)
20
Q
An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be best described as an example of ________.
A
excretion of metabolic waste
21
Q
An oblique cut is one that is cut ________.
A
diagonally between the vertical and horizontal
22
Q
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
A
Matter
23
Q
Apoptosis is programmed cell suicide, but cancer cells fail to undergo apoptosis.
A
True
24
Q
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?
A
7
25
Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.
Synthetase enzymes
26
Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.
37
27
Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of the body by releasing or binding ions.
True
28
Can be measured only by its effects on matter.
Energy
29
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________.
removal of a water molecule between each two units
30
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ________.
glycogen
31
Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________.
peroxisomes
32
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell.
Early prophase
33
Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons.
False
34
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched.
Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
35
Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins.
are very stable and insoluble in water
36
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.
a bicarbonate ion
37
Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.
Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
38
Chromatin consists of DNA and RNA.
False
39
Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
40
Chromosomes align on the spindle equator.
Metaphase
41
Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin.
Telophase
42
Communicating junction.
Gap junctions
43
Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones.
Endocrine
44
Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds.
False
45
Crenation is likely to occur in blood cells in ________.
a hypertonic solution
46
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Cardiovascular
47
Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA.
Nucleoli
48
Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.
true
49
Directly causes mechanical motion.
Muscular
50
DNA contains "dark matter" that codes for specific structural proteins.
False
51
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
True
52
Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron.
Cation
53
Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
radiant energy
54
Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.
false
55
Final preparation for cell division is made during the cell life cycle subphase called G2.
True
56
Forms part of the protein synthesis site in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA
57
Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.
Messenger RNA
58
Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.
True
59
Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.
Tight junctions
60
Heterogeneous, will not settle.
colloids
61
Heterogeneous, will settle.
suspensions
62
Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.
tissues
63
Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules
64
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
65
Homogeneous, will not settle.
solutions
66
Houses DNA and RNA.
nucleus
67
Hydrogen bonds are comparatively strong bonds.
False
68
If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what would happen?
The cells will lose water and shrink
69
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.
control center
70
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
the smooth ER
71
In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________.
a high degree of unsaturated bonds
72
In liquid XYZ, you notice that light is scattered as it passes through. There is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days. What type of liquid is this?
Colloid
73
In osmosis, movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
False
74
In which cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
75
Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons contained.
False
76
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
True
77
Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle.
Mechanical energy
78
Lipids are a poor source of stored energy.
False
79
Lysosomes ________.
contain acid hydrolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell
80
May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm.
Ribosomal RNA
81
Microfilaments are thin strands of the contractile protein myosin.
false
82
Mitochondria ________.
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
83
Most organelles are bounded by a membrane that is quite different in structure from the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.
false
84
Neutral subatomic particle.
Neutron
85
Nitric oxide may act as a biological messenger.
true
86
No chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture.
True
87
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate.
Late prophase
88
Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole, which of the following statements best describes what happens?
A lysosome combines with the vacuole and digests the enclosed solid material.
89
One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to ________.
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
90
Only one cell type in the human body has a flagellum.
true
91
Passive membrane transport processes include ________.
movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
92
Peroxisomes ________.
are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
93
Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
94
Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus
True
95
Present in electrically excitable tissues.
Gap junctions
96
Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances.
Immune
97
Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D.
Integumentary
98
Provides support and levers for muscles to work on.
Skeletal
99
Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.
ATP
100
Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues.
Lymphatic
101
Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane.
electrical energy
102
Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses.
Nervous
103
Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use (export) only, never for use by the cell. This statement is ________.
false; integral cell membrane proteins are also synthesized this way
104
Select the correct statement about isotopes.
Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic masses.
105
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
106
Smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties.
Molecule
107
Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.
Atom
108
Some hormones enter cells via ________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
109
Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following?
gross, regional, systemic, and surface
110
The actual site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
111
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.
palms turned posteriorly
112
The atomic weight is only an average of relative weights of an atom and its isotopes, and it may vary from the weight of a specific isotope.
True
113
The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye.
Medial
114
The cavities housing the eyes are called __________ cavities.
orbial
115
The cell (plasma) membrane normally contains substantial amounts of cholesterol.
true
116
The fingers are ________ to the wrist.
Distal
117
The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
118
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________.
sequence of the nucleotides
119
The heart is ________ to the stomach.
Superior
120
The heart lies in the ________ cavity.
pericardial
121
The heart lies in the ________ cavity.
pericardial
122
The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True
123
The main component of the cytosol is ________.
water
124
The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom?
2, 8, 1
125
The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis is prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
True
126
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.
lining the thoracic cavity
127
The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.
True
128
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________.
tRNA
129
The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum.
False
130
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.
water
131
The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.
collagen
132
The stomach is ________ to the spine.
Anterior
133
The study of the heart may incorporate many aspects of anatomy but as a whole you would say it is __________ anatomy.
gross
134
The upper arm is ________ to the forearm.
Proximal
135
Type of anchoring junction.
Desmosomes
136
What does CH4mean?
There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
137
What does the formula C6H12O6mean?
There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.
138
What is a chain of 25 amino acids called?
polypeptide
139
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
140
What is the main, general purpose of negative feedback?
to maintain homeostasis
141
What is the posterior side of the patella called?
popliteal
142
What is the specific name for the hip region?
coxal
143
What level of protein synthesis is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?
secondary structure
144
When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work.
Chemical energy
145
Which body cavity protects the nervous system?
dorsal
146
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Blood clotting
Positive feedback
147
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Blood glucose levels
Negative feedback
148
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Blood pressure
Negative feedback
149
Which mechanism controls the following function?
Delivering a baby
Positive feedback
150
Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
151
Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars?
polysaccharide
152
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?
any sagittal plane except the median
153
Which of the following describes coenzymes?
organic molecules derived from vitamins
154
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
155
Which of the following does not describe the ATP molecule?
pigments
156
Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses?
Na
157
Which of the following imaging devices would best localize a tumor in a person's brain?
MRI
158
Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
159
Which of the following is a function of a plasma membrane protein?
molecular transport through the membrane
160
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
161
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
162
Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction?
time
163
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.
164
Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
sodium
165
Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region?
intestines
166
Which of the following statements is correct regarding diffusion?
The greater the concentration of gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion.
167
Which of the following statements is false?
Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
168
Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?
Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
169
Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?
Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
170
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
CH4
171
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
messenger RNA
172
Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?
decay
173
Which of these is not a function of the plasma membrane?
It prevents potassium ions from leaking out and sodium ions from crossing into the cell.
174
Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
175
Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli?
nervous
176
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
177
Which statement about enzymes is false?
Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
178
Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
microvilli
179
Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?
dorsal
180
Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
181
Will not scatter light.
solutions
182
________ cavities are spaces within joints.
synovial
183
________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.
vitamin D
