Module 3 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.
A
gomphosis
2
Q
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.
A
symphysis
3
Q
A movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior is supination.
A
True
4
Q
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.
A
association neuron
5
Q
A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.
A
True
6
Q
A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids.
A
False
7
Q
A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons.
A
true
8
Q
A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.
A
true
9
Q
A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.
A
true
10
Q
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
A
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
11
Q
All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.
A
False
12
Q
Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.
A
Action potential
13
Q
Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.
A
true
14
Q
An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
A
glycolysis
15
Q
An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________.
A
the radius and ulna along its length
16
Q
An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response.
A
Relative refractory period
17
Q
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
A
synapse
18
Q
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.
A
hyperpolarization
19
Q
An insufficient stimulus.
A
Subthreshold stimulus
20
Q
Any stimulus below this intensity will result in no response in a neuron.
A
Threshold stimulus
21
Q
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.
A
provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
22
Q
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.
A
amphiarthroses
23
Q
Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.
A
True
24
Q
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
A
hyperextension
25
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
found in the retina of the eye
26
Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.
true
27
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
ganglia
28
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.
rare because of the ligament reinforcement
29
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.
bursae
30
Contractures are a result of a total lack of ATP.
true
31
Cruciate ligaments are important ligaments that stabilize all ball-and-socket joints.
False
32
Destroys ACh.
Acetylcholinesterase
33
Different types of sensory input can have the same ultimate effect.
Converging circuit
34
During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative.
true
35
During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
lactic acid
36
Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions.
true
37
Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.
true
38
Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.
true
39
Ependymal cells ________.
help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
40
Excitation-contraction coupling requires which of the following substances?
Ca2+ and ATP
41
Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________.
lateral and medial collateral ligaments preventing lateral or medial angular movements
42
Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________.
intense exercise of short duration
43
"Feel-good" neurotransmitter.
Norepinephrine
44
Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?
medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate
45
If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them.
true
46
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
potassium
47
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.
changes in length and moves the "load"
48
In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.
true
49
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
hyaline cartilage
50
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?
All synovial joints are freely movable.
51
Increases acid secretion in the stomach; blocked by cimetidine.
Histamine
52
Involved in activating fibers of a skeletal muscle such as the biceps muscle.
Diverging circuit
53
Involved in control of rhythmic activities such as breathing.
Reverberating circuit
54
Large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small-diameter fibers.
true
55
May be involved in complex, exacting types of mental processing.
Parallel after-discharge circuit
56
Mediates pain.
Substance P
57
Most skeletal muscles contain ________.
a mixture of fiber types
58
Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.
True
59
Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached,
false
60
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
secretion
61
Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units.
true
62
Myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system is the job of the oligodendrocytes.
true
63
Natural opiates that inhibit pain; effect mimicked by morphine.
Endorphins
64
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.
astrocytes
65
Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.
true
66
Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect.
Temporal summation
67
Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
false
68
One incoming fiber triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers farther and farther along the circuit.
Diverging circuit
69
Pointing the toes is an example of ________.
plantar flexion
70
Principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord.
Glycine
71
Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.
true
72
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.
the myelin sheath
73
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
oligodendrocytes
74
Select the correct statement regarding synapses.
The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
75
Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.
there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
76
Stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time.
Spatial summation
77
Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase.
false
78
Synarthrotic joints ________.
permit essentially no movement
79
Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.
True
80
Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.
True
81
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?
It contains hyaluronic acid.
82
Tendon sheaths ________.
act as friction-reducing structures
83
The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.
false
84
The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability.
True
85
The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.
myofibrils
86
The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.
prevent hyperextension of the knee
87
The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.
true
88
The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.
true
89
The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions.
Depolarization
90
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.
cruciate ligaments
91
The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, is to ________.
enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems
92
The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.
Absolute refractory period
93
The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement.
True
94
The muscle cell membrane is called the ________.
sarcolemma
95
The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes.
false
96
The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.
true
97
The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion.
False
98
The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.
myoglobin
99
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.
axon
100
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.
absolute refractory period
101
The phenomenon in which the contraction strength of a muscle increases, due to increased Ca2+availability and enzyme efficiency during the warm-up.
Treppe
102
The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.
actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
103
The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.
Repolarization
104
The stimulus above which no stronger contraction can be elicited, because all motor units are firing in the muscle.
Maximal stimulus
105
The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________.
increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus
106
The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.
True
107
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.
neurotransmitter
108
The term aponeurosis refers to ________.
a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
109
The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
brain and spinal cord
110
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
feet
111
The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment.
true
112
The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called ________.
treppe
113
Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers?
a long, relaxing swim
114
What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?
ependymal cells
115
What are menisci?
semilunar cartilage pads
116
What can cause gouty arthritis?
excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints
117
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
abduction
118
What is the functional role of the T tubules?
enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
119
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?
a sarcomere
120
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings
121
What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
bind to regulatory sites on troponin to remove contraction inhibition
122
What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
123
What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
124
When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length.
true
125
When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
refractory period
126
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?
voltage-gated channel
127
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
the patellar ligament
128
Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?
smooth
129
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
130
Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis?
osteoarthritis
131
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?
analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
132
Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction?
load on the fiber
133
Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements?
Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
134
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine
135
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters?
nucleic acid
136
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
provide the defense for the CNS
137
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?
innervation of skeletal muscle
138
Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint?
tendon sheath
139
Which of the following is not a role of ionic calcium in muscle contraction?
activates epinephrine released from adrenal gland
140
Which of the following is not a special characteristic of neurons?
They are mitotic.
141
Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise?
increase in the number of muscle cells
142
Which of the following is not a way muscle contractions can be graded?
changing the type of muscle fibers involved in the contraction
143
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?
motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
144
Which of the following statements defines synchondroses?
cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
145
Which of the following statements is false or incorrect?
Cardiac muscle fibers depend mostly on anaerobic cellular respiration to generate ATP.
146
Which of the following statements is true?
Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.
147
Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?
motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
