Module 2 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
A bluish color in light-skinned individuals
A
Cyanosis
3
Q
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.
A
diaphysis
4
Q
A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.
A
stratified squamous
5
Q
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
A
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
6
Q
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
A
True
7
Q
A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a(n) ________.
A
foramen
8
Q
Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.
A
Paget’s disease
9
Q
Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
A
false
10
Q
Acne is a disorder associated with ________.
A
sebaceous glands
11
Q
An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.
A
phagocytic cell
12
Q
An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.
A
Greenstick
13
Q
An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
A
true
14
Q
Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing.
A
Addison’s disease
15
Q
Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.
A
Epiphyseal plate
16
Q
Blood cell formation is called ________.
A
hematopoiesis
17
Q
Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.
A
true
18
Q
Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.
A
Osteomalacia
19
Q
Bone fragments into many pieces.
A
Comminuted
20
Q
Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months’ gestation.
A
false
21
Q
Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
A
False
22
Q
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
A
osteoclast
23
Q
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.
A
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
24
Q
Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.
A
Osteoporosis
25
Carpals
Short bone
26
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
27
Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.
True
28
Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.
Cornified keratinocytes
29
Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________.
chondrocytes
30
Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.
Merkel disc
31
Cells that can build bony matrix.
Osteoblasts
32
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.
Osteoclasts
33
Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.
Spiral
34
Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.
False
35
Composed of cells in a fluid matrix.
blood
36
Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Cutaneous
37
Cranial bones develop ________.
within fibrous membranes
38
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
39
Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues.
Mesenchyme
40
Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.
false
41
Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities.
False
42
Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.
True
43
hip bones
irregular bone
44
Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________.
drinking fluoridated water
45
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
46
Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen.
Reticular tissue
47
Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones.
Hyaline cartilage
48
Forms tendons and ligaments.
Dense regular connective tissue
49
Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Mucous membrane
50
Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.
true
51
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.
endocrine
52
Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
true
53
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
54
Hair that lacks pigment and is often called "immature hair."
Erythemia
55
Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
True
56
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Fibers are not normally visible.
57
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
lucidum
58
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?
elevated levels of sex hormones
59
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
60
Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?
simple columnar
61
Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.
False
62
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
False
63
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.
produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
64
Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
False
65
Layers of bone matrix.
Lamellae
66
Lines blood vessels and the heart.
Endothelium
67
Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.
true
68
Makes up the pleura and pericardium.
Serous membrane
69
Matrix is composed of ________.
fibers and ground substance
70
May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure.
Pallor
71
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.
accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
72
Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell.
False
73
Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.
false
74
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________.
functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions
75
Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.
false
76
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.
calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
77
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.
diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
78
Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.
tissue
79
Ostealgia is ________.
pain in a bone
80
Osteogenesis is the process of ________.
bone formation
81
Osteomyelitis is ________.
due to pus-forming bacteria
82
Patella
Sesamoid bone
83
Provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
Fibrocartilage
84
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________.
lines the respiratory tract
85
Radius
Long bone
86
Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.
True
87
scapula
flat bone
88
Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process.
The age of the person is a factor in the repair process.
89
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.
"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
90
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
91
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
92
Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption.
True
93
Simple Squamous Epithelium gets its first name from ________ and it's second name from ________, the third name is the tissue classification.
how many cell layers deep, shape of each cell
94
Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
true
95
Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.
Epidermal dendritic cells
96
Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.
False
97
Small nutrient channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.
Canaliculi
98
Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.
True
99
Source of new cells in mature connective tissue.
Mesenchyme
100
Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________.
trabeculae
101
Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.
true
102
Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility.
Elastic cartilage
103
Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?
Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.
104
Supports and protects; insulates against heat loss; reserve source of fuel.
Adipose
105
Supports and protects; stores calcium.
bone
106
Sweat glands are apocrine glands.
false
107
Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.
True
108
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.
True
109
The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
Epiphyseal line
110
The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.
Diaphysis
111
The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.
False
112
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
113
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.
osteoblast
114
The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.
Chondrocytes
115
The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
the reticular layer
116
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
117
The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.
True
118
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
119
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
120
The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior
Mucous membrane
121
The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.
Serous membrane
122
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
collagen
123
The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
inflammation
124
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
125
The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation.
Sudoriferous glands
126
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.
Appositional growth
127
The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.
Stratum corneum
128
The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis.
Stratum basale
129
The lining of the marrow cavity.
Endosteum
130
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.
external root sheath
131
The most abundant cells of the epidermis.
Keratinocytes
132
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________.
hyaline
133
The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.
True
134
The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
135
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
136
The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.
True
137
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ___.
appositional growth
138
The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.
False
139
The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.
Keratin
140
The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.
true
141
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
True
142
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
compact bone
143
The term diploë refers to the ________.
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
144
The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
true
145
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
true
146
The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________.
reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization
147
Usually indicates a liver disorder.
Jaundice
148
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
149
What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?
lacunae
150
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
151
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
152
What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?
dense microvilli
153
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
the osteon
154
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
hyaline cartilage
155
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
False
156
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
goblet cells
157
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
parathyroid hormone
158
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
highly cellular and well vascularized
159
Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?
arrector pili
160
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?
Meissner's corpuscles
161
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
thyroid
162
Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints?
ramus
163
Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?
simple squamous
164
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?
Meissner’s corpuscle
165
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
communication
166
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?
blood vessels
167
Which of the following is true about epithelia?
Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.
168
Which of these is not considered connective tissue?
muscle
169
Which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
170
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?
epiphyseal plate
171
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Squamous cell carcinoma
172
Wolff's law is concerned with ________.
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
173
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.
fat
174
________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
Pseudostratified columnar
