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Anatomy and Phys 1 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

A bluish color in light-skinned individuals

A

Cyanosis

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3
Q

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

A

diaphysis

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4
Q

A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

A

stratified squamous

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5
Q

A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

A

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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6
Q

A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.

A

True

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7
Q

A round or oval hole through a bone that contains blood vessels and/or nerves is called a(n) ________.

A

foramen

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8
Q

Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.

A

Paget’s disease

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9
Q

Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.

A

false

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10
Q

Acne is a disorder associated with ________.

A

sebaceous glands

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11
Q

An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________.

A

phagocytic cell

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12
Q

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children.

A

Greenstick

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13
Q

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

A

true

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14
Q

Appearance of a permanent tan; bronzing.

A

Addison’s disease

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15
Q

Area where bone longitudinal growth takes place.

A

Epiphyseal plate

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16
Q

Blood cell formation is called ________.

A

hematopoiesis

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17
Q

Blood is considered a type of connective tissue.

A

true

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18
Q

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.

A

Osteomalacia

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19
Q

Bone fragments into many pieces.

A

Comminuted

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20
Q

Bone tissue in the skeleton of a human fetus is completely formed at six months’ gestation.

A

false

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21
Q

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

A

False

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22
Q

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

A

osteoclast

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23
Q

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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24
Q

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.

A

Osteoporosis

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25
Q

Carpals

A

Short bone

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26
Q

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

A

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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27
Q

Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue.

A

True

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28
Q

Cell remnants of the stratum corneum.

A

Cornified keratinocytes

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29
Q

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except ________.

A

chondrocytes

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30
Q

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

A

Merkel disc

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31
Q

Cells that can build bony matrix.

A

Osteoblasts

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32
Q

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix.

A

Osteoclasts

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33
Q

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

A

Spiral

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34
Q

Compact bone is replaced more often than spongy bone.

A

False

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35
Q

Composed of cells in a fluid matrix.

A

blood

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36
Q

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

A

Cutaneous

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37
Q

Cranial bones develop ________.

A

within fibrous membranes

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38
Q

Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.

A

Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.

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39
Q

Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues.

A

Mesenchyme

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40
Q

Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands.

A

false

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41
Q

Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities.

A

False

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42
Q

Epithelial tissues always exhibit polarity; that is, they have a free surface and a basal surface.

A

True

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43
Q

hip bones

A

irregular bone

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44
Q

Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include ________.

A

drinking fluoridated water

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45
Q

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

A

An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.

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46
Q

Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen.

A

Reticular tissue

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47
Q

Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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48
Q

Forms tendons and ligaments.

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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49
Q

Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts.

A

Mucous membrane

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50
Q

Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection.

A

true

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51
Q

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

A

endocrine

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52
Q

Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

true

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53
Q

Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

A

growth hormone

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54
Q

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called “immature hair.”

A

Erythemia

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55
Q

Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.

A

True

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56
Q

How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?

A

Fibers are not normally visible.

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57
Q

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

A

lucidum

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58
Q

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause?

A

elevated levels of sex hormones

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59
Q

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

A

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

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60
Q

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?

A

simple columnar

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61
Q

Intercalated discs and striations are found in skeletal muscle.

A

False

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62
Q

Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe’s burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.

A

False

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63
Q

Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.

A

produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties

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64
Q

Short, irregular, and flat bones have large marrow cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.

A

False

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65
Q

Layers of bone matrix.

A

Lamellae

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66
Q

Lines blood vessels and the heart.

A

Endothelium

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67
Q

Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues.

A

true

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68
Q

Makes up the pleura and pericardium.

A

Serous membrane

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69
Q

Matrix is composed of ________.

A

fibers and ground substance

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70
Q

May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or low blood pressure.

A

Pallor

71
Q

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

A

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

72
Q

Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell.

A

False

73
Q

Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not.

A

false

74
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________.

A

functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions

75
Q

Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers.

A

false

76
Q

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.

A

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

77
Q

Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________.

A

diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis

78
Q

Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.

A

tissue

79
Q

Ostealgia is ________.

A

pain in a bone

80
Q

Osteogenesis is the process of ________.

A

bone formation

81
Q

Osteomyelitis is ________.

A

due to pus-forming bacteria

82
Q

Patella

A

Sesamoid bone

83
Q

Provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

A

Fibrocartilage

84
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________.

A

lines the respiratory tract

85
Q

Radius

A

Long bone

86
Q

Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes.

A

True

87
Q

scapula

A

flat bone

88
Q

Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process.

A

The age of the person is a factor in the repair process.

89
Q

Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.

A

“Blast” cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.

90
Q

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.

A

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

91
Q

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

A

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.

92
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption.

A

True

93
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium gets its first name from ________ and it’s second name from ________, the third name is the tissue classification.

A

how many cell layers deep, shape of each cell

94
Q

Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.

A

true

95
Q

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.

A

Epidermal dendritic cells

96
Q

Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges.

A

False

97
Q

Small nutrient channels that radiate through the matrix of bone.

A

Canaliculi

98
Q

Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations.

A

True

99
Q

Source of new cells in mature connective tissue.

A

Mesenchyme

100
Q

Spongy bones are made up of a framework called ________.

A

trabeculae

101
Q

Squamous cells are flattened and scalelike when mature.

A

true

102
Q

Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility.

A

Elastic cartilage

103
Q

Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?

A

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

104
Q

Supports and protects; insulates against heat loss; reserve source of fuel.

A

Adipose

105
Q

Supports and protects; stores calcium.

A

bone

106
Q

Sweat glands are apocrine glands.

A

false

107
Q

Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures.

A

True

108
Q

The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.

A

True

109
Q

The appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.

A

Epiphyseal line

110
Q

The area of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.

A

Diaphysis

111
Q

The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present.

A

False

112
Q

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.

A

blood vessels and nerve fibers

113
Q

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

A

osteoblast

114
Q

The cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.

A

Chondrocytes

115
Q

The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

A

the reticular layer

116
Q

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

117
Q

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers.

A

True

118
Q

The design of a person’s epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?

A

They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.

119
Q

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

A

stratum basale

120
Q

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior

A

Mucous membrane

121
Q

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.

A

Serous membrane

122
Q

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.

A

collagen

123
Q

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

A

inflammation

124
Q

The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.

A

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

125
Q

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation.

A

Sudoriferous glands

126
Q

The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface.

A

Appositional growth

127
Q

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but nonviable.

A

Stratum corneum

128
Q

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis.

A

Stratum basale

129
Q

The lining of the marrow cavity.

A

Endosteum

130
Q

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________.

A

external root sheath

131
Q

The most abundant cells of the epidermis.

A

Keratinocytes

132
Q

The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________.

A

hyaline

133
Q

The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes.

A

True

134
Q

The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.

A

False

135
Q

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.

A

perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

136
Q

The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.

A

True

137
Q

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ___.

A

appositional growth

138
Q

The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen.

A

False

139
Q

The protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin.

A

Keratin

140
Q

The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage.

A

true

141
Q

The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.

A

True

142
Q

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

A

compact bone

143
Q

The term diploë refers to the ________.

A

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

144
Q

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

A

true

145
Q

The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.

A

true

146
Q

The universal loss of mass seen in the skeleton, which begins about the age of 40, ________.

A

reflects incomplete osteon formation and mineralization

147
Q

Usually indicates a liver disorder.

A

Jaundice

148
Q

What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?

A

nutrition and hormones

149
Q

What are the small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live called?

A

lacunae

150
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

A

ground substance, fibers, and cells

151
Q

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

A

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

152
Q

What feature characterizes simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract?

A

dense microvilli

153
Q

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

A

the osteon

154
Q

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

A

hyaline cartilage

155
Q

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.

A

False

156
Q

Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?

A

goblet cells

157
Q

Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

A

parathyroid hormone

158
Q

Which is true concerning muscle tissue?

A

highly cellular and well vascularized

159
Q

Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps?

A

arrector pili

160
Q

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

161
Q

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?

A

thyroid

162
Q

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates a projection that helps to form joints?

A

ramus

163
Q

Which of the following is a single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes?

A

simple squamous

164
Q

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

165
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

A

communication

166
Q

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?

A

blood vessels

167
Q

Which of the following is true about epithelia?

A

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs.

168
Q

Which of these is not considered connective tissue?

A

muscle

169
Q

Which statement best describes connective tissue?

A

usually contains a large amount of matrix

170
Q

Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?

A

epiphyseal plate

171
Q

Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

172
Q

Wolff’s law is concerned with ________.

A

the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

173
Q

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

A

fat

174
Q

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

A

Pseudostratified columnar

Anatomy and Phys 1 (4 decks)

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