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BIO 105 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

Intro to the Human Body, Cells, Tissues

1
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of living things?

A

The six characteristics of living things are that they have different molecular organization than non-living things (molecules are diff), they require energy and raw materials (sun & food), are made up of cells, maintain homeostasis, respond to their external environment (movement; shivering from the cold), grow and reproduce (age & offspring).

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2
Q

What are the 3 Domains?

A

The 3 Domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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3
Q

Which Domain has organisms that contain a nucleus?

A

The Eukarya domain has organisms that contain a nucleus.

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4
Q

List the (4) Kingdoms you learned in Chapter 1.

A

The Kingdoms of life are (1) Protista, (2) Fungi, (3) Animalia, and (4) Plantae.

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5
Q

Which Kingdom has organisms that are unicellular?

A

The Protista has organisms that are unicellular.

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6
Q

Which Kingdom has organisms that are photosynthetic?

A

The Plantae kingdom has organisms that are photosynthetic.

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7
Q

Which Kingdom has organisms that are decomposers (mold, yeast, mushrooms)?

A

The Fungi kingdom has organisms that are decomposers.

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8
Q

Which Kingdom has organism that are heterotrophic (dependent on other organisms for metabolism = energy)?

A

The Animalia kingdom has organisms that are heterotrophic.

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9
Q

What is the genus species name of humans?

A

Homo sapiens (genus; species)

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10
Q

What are the 4 defining features of Humans?

A

Large brain, Bipedalism, Capacity for language, Opposable thumbs

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11
Q

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?

A

The steps of the Scientific Method are to (1) observe and make general observations, (2) formulate a hypothesis, (3) make a testable prediction, (4) experiment/observe, and (5) modify the hypothesis if the experiment did not support the original hypothesis.

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12
Q

Cells are…

A

Basic units of structure and carry out basic life processes that allow the body to survive

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13
Q

What are 2 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

The two differences between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell is that eukaryotic cells have both a nucleus and organelles and a prokaryotic cell doesn’t.

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14
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles?

A

NO nucleus or organelles
PRO (before) KARY (not) - nucleus

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15
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles?

A

YES nucleus and organelles

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16
Q

Are human cells Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

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17
Q

T/F: A single cell is the smallest structure that is living.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to make ATP

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19
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, preparatory step, citric acid cycle, and electron transport system.

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21
Q

T/F: All cells get energy from glucose

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What are 3 types of microscopes?

A

3 types of microscopes are light microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, and scanning electron microscopes.

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23
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

Light microscopes magnify up to 1000x and can be used to see living specimens.

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24
Q

What is a Transmission electron microscope?

A

Transmission electron microscopes magnify up to 100,000x and can reveal the internal details of a cell structure.

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25
What is a Scanning electron microscope?
Scanning electron microscopes can magnify up to 100,000x and provide a 3D view of a cell’s surface.
26
What microscope allows you to have a 3D view of a cell?
Scanning electron microscope
27
Why is it good for cells to be small?
quicker for things to get out of the center of the cell to the body (get nutrients and dispose of waste); The cells can communicate quicker: Higher surface area: volume
28
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus controls all the activities of the cell and contains DNA. DNA = what proteins get made proteins -> enzymes -> hormones -> body function (COMMAND CENTER)
29
What is the function of ribosomes? Location?
The function of ribosomes is to be the place where protein synthesis occurs. Location: free- in the cytoplasm or bound - outer surface of the ER (CREATES PROTEINS)
30
What is the difference between the surface of the Smooth ER and the surface of the Rough ER?
The difference is that the Smooth ER’s surface does not have any ribosomes on it. However, the surface of the Rough ER has many ribosomes on it.
31
T/F: The smooth ER has ribosomes?
FALSE
32
What is the difference between the Rough & Smooth ER?
The difference is that the Rough ER makes proteins. (FACTORY FOR PROTEINS) Meanwhile, the Smooth ER makes lipids. (FACTORY FOR LIPIDS)
33
What does the golgi apparatus do in the cell?
The Golgi apparatus packs the molecules (proteins) into vesicles and sends it to where it needs to go. (PACKING AND SHIPPING CENTER)
34
What is the function of a peroxisome?
Peroxisomes use enzymes to detoxify waste produced by the cell. (DETOX CENTER)
35
What is the function of a lysosome?
The lysosome uses digestive enzymes to break apart large molecules. (DEMOLITION CREW)
36
What does the mitochondria give to the cell?
The mitochondria give energy (ATP) to the cell. Site of cellular respiration. (SO CAL EDISON)
37
What comprises the cytoskeleton and its function?
The cytoskeleton is compromised of microtubules and microfilaments. The cytoskeleton supports the cells. (FREEWAYS)
38
What do cilia and flagella help the cell to do?
The cilia and flagella help the cell to move.
39
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane serves as a border to separate the inside of the cell from its outer environment. Selectively permeable (only some can go in and blocks others) (STATE BORDER)
40
What is a plasma membrane made of?
a lipid bilayer
41
How can you describe the head and tail of a phospholipid?
The head of the phospholipid is a polar head, which loves water. The tail of the phospholipid is non-polar, which means it is afraid of water.
42
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
The difference is that active transport requires energy and passive transport does not.
43
What are two examples passive transport?
Diffusion and Osmosis
44
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
45
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
46
What is Endocytosis?
Endo = Enter Brings substances into the cell
47
What is Exocytosis?
Exo = Exit Substances exit the cell
48
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endo = Enter the cell Exo = Exit the cell
49
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
The stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, preparatory step, citric acid cycle, and electron transport system.
50
Tissues are _____?
The next level of organization in the human body after the cell. Tissues are a group of cells with a common function.
51
What are the four primary types of tissues?
The four primary types of tissues are Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.
52
T/F: All organs DONT have the 4 types of tissues.
FALSE. All organs have the 4 types of tissues
53
What are two purposes of epithelial tissues?
The two purposes of epithelial tissues are to line body cavities and cover surfaces. and they form glands.
54
Epithelial cells are adapted to form ____.
Glands. Exocrine and Endocrine glands.
55
T/F: Exocrine glands have ducts.
TRUE
56
T/F: Endocrine glands have ducts.
FALSE. Ductless!
57
What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?
The 3 shapes of epithelial cells are Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar.
58
Squamous
Flattened (Squished)
59
Cuboidal
Square shaped
60
Columnar
Column shape
61
Epithelia Tissues: Layers What is 1 layer of cells called?
Simple
62
Epithelia Tissues: Layers What is multiple layers of cells called?
Stratified (Stacked)
63
What would you call a tissue that has many layers of cells?
A tissue that has many layers of cells is stratified.
64
What are 3 types of cell junctions?
The 3 types of cell junctions are Gap Junction, Adhesion Junction, and Tight Junction.
65
What are 4 types of connective tissue found in the body?
The 4 types of connective tissue found in the body are Cartilage, Bone, Blood, and Adipose tissue.
66
What is the function of connective tissue?
Supports vulnerable organs, connects different portions of the body, store fat and energy, produces blood.
67
What does cartilage do?
maintains shape; absorbs shock
68
What does bone do?
bones in the skeleton
69
What does blood do?
red blood cells transport oxygen
70
What does adipose tissue do?
store energy
71
Which types of muscle are voluntary?
Skeletal muscles are voluntary.
72
Which 2 types of tissues are involuntary?
Smooth and Cardiac muscle are involuntary.
73
What does skeletal muscle do?
move the body parts; bicep, thigh, muscle; VOLUNTARY
74
What does smooth muscle do?
surrounds hollow structures; cavities that fill with food/urine; INVOLUNTARY
75
What does cardiac muscle do?
Functions in the heart; INVOLUNTARY
76
What type of impulses do neurons generate?
Neurons generate electrical impulses.
77
What do Glial Cells do?
support and protect neurons so the electrical current goes where it needs to go
78
Organs
contain two or more tissue types joined together to perform a specific function
79
Organ systems
Groups of organs that perform a common function Ex: Heart + Lungs = Cardiovascular System
80
What body position term describes the front of the body?
Anterior describes the front of the body.
81
Thoracic cavity
Chest
82
Two pleural cavities
Lungs, 2 lungs, 2 pleural cavities, 1 cavity on the left, 1 cavity on the right
83
Pericardial Cavity
Heart
84
What body position term describes the back of the body?
Posterior describes the back of the body.
85
Cranial cavity
Brain
86
Spinal cavity
Back bone
87
Body Planes: Sagittal
divides body into left and right sides
88
Body Planes: Frontal
divides body into front and back; split through the ears
89
Body Planes: Transverse
divides the body into top and bottom
90
Body Position: Anterior
Front
91
Body Position: Posterior
Back
92
Body Position: Proximal
near the body trunk
93
Body Position: Distal
farther from the body trunk
94
Body Position: Superior
above or directed upward
95
Body Position: Inferior
below or directed downward
96
Body Position: Medial
towards the middle
97
Body Position: Lateral
towards the side
98
What is the proper name of skin?
The proper name of skin is integumentary.
99
What forms the integumentary system (4)
skin, hair, nails, and glands
100
Skin has 2 layers. What layer of skin is the outer layer?
The epidermis is the outer layer of skin.
101
What is the epidermis made of?
Stratified squamous epithelial cells and no blood vessels
102
What are the two major epidermis cell types?
Keratinocytes (keratin = proteins) and Melanocytes (melanin = pigmenta0
103
What layer of skin is the inner layer?
dermis
104
Function of the Dermis
supports tissue (epidermis) and provides strength and elasticity ( Collagen + elastic)
105
What are some accessory structures of the dermis?
Hair, Smooth Muscle, and Sebaceous Glands.
106
What does the smooth muscle in the dermis do?
attached to hair follicle, thermoregulation (cold -> hair sticks up bc smooth muscle contacts -> this movement generates heat through muscle contraction)
107
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebaceous glands secrete sebum to lubricate the skin.
108
What is the function of the integumentary system? (6)
-protects from dehydration -protects from injury -defends against microorganisms -regulates body temperature -makes vitamin D -provides sensation

BIO 105 (16 decks)

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