Module 3 - Nervous System

Question 1

What are the components of the Central nervous system
(CNS)?

Answer 1

Brain and Spinal cord

Question 2

What is the function of the Central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 2

receives, processes, and transfers information

Question 3

What are the components of the PNS?

Answer 3

the nerves outside the CNS

Question 4

How many divisions is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)? What is the function of the divisions.

Answer 4

– Sensory division: carries information towards the CNS
– Motor division: carries information away from the CNS. (-Somatic and autonomic divisions)

Question 5

What do neurons generate?

Answer 5

generate action potentials (electrical impulse).

-initiate and transmit action
potentials
-primary means of communication throughout
the nervous system

Question 6

What makes up a neuron? (3)

Answer 6

Soma, Dendrites, Axon

Question 7

What is a Soma?

Answer 7

cell body with nucleus and organelles

Question 8

What are Dendrites?

Answer 8

receive incoming information

Question 9

What is an Axon?

Answer 9

long; conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body

Question 10

What is the function of neuroglial cells?

Answer 10

support and protect (insulation) neurons

Question 11

What percent of Neurons and Neuroglial cells make up the nervous system?

Answer 11

Neurons = 20%
Neuroglial cells = 80%

Question 12

T/F: Neuroglial cells do NOT transmit action potentials

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are examples of Neuroglial cells?

Answer 13

Schwann cells & Oligodendrocytes

Question 14

Which cells form the myelin sheath in PNS?

Answer 14

Schwann cells

Question 15

What is the role of myelin sheath?

Answer 15

Speed up the transmission of nerve impulses by facilitating saltatory conduction

Question 16

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 16

leaping pattern of action potential conduction
FASTER!

Question 17

What disease develops if the myelin sheath is progressively damaged? What are some symptoms of the disease?

Answer 17

Multiple Sclerosis
Symptoms: weakness, visual impairment, and incontinence.

Question 18

Neurons come together to form ____.

Answer 18

Nerves.

Question 19

What is a nerve?

Answer 19

A nerve contains axons of many neurons wrapped together in a protective sheath.
A nerve carries information to and from the CNS.

Question 20

How many cranial nerves do we have?

Answer 20

12 pairs of cranial nerves
(connected to brain)

Question 21

How many spinal nerves do we have?

Answer 21

31 pairs of spinal nerves
(connected to spinal cord)

Question 22

The PNS is split into Sensory division and Motor division. What is Motor division split into?

Answer 22

Somatic and autonomic divisions

Question 23

What are the functions of Somatic division? (2)

Answer 23

-Voluntary: Conscious control of skeletal muscles
–Involuntary: (reflexes)

Question 24

What are the functions of Autonomic division?

Answer 24

-automatic body functions: enervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and internal organs

Question 25

The PNS is split into Sensory division and Motor division. Motor division is split into Somatic and Autonomic divisions. What is Autonomic division split into?

Answer 25

Sympathetic division and Parasympathetic division

Question 26

What is Sympathetic division?

Answer 26

– Prepares the body for emergencies – FIGHT/FLIGHT

Question 27

Signs of Sympathetic division

Answer 27

– Increases heart rate and respiration – Raises blood pressure – Dilates pupils – Slows digestion and urine production

Question 28

What is Parasympathetic division?

Answer 28

- Relaxes the body

Question 29

Signs of Parasympathetic division

Answer 29

– lowers heart rate and respiration – increases digestion – permits urination

Question 30

T/F: Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose one another to maintain homeostasis

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

What provides the Central Nervous System with protection? (3)

Answer 31

Cranial Bones, Meninges, and Blood-brain barrier.

Question 32

What is Meninges? Name 3.

Answer 32

membranes, **layers that separate the brain from the actual cranial bones**. - **Dura mater** = thick fascial layer - **arachnoid** = thin - **pia mater** = thin and clear

Question 33

What does the Blood-brain barrier do?

Answer 33

blocks some chemicals and pathogens some particles and molecules are not able to cross the BBB

Question 34

What are the 3 basic parts of the Hindbrain?

Answer 34

– Medulla oblongata – Cerebellum – Pons

Question 35

What does the Medulla oblongata do?

Answer 35

– Connects to spinal cord – Controls vital automatic functions of internal organs – Right brain controls left side of body – Left brain controls right side of body

Question 36

What does the Cerebellum do?

Answer 36

– Coordinates basic body movements (Putting on shoes; typing; how to hold a football) – Alcohol impacts cerebellum function

Question 37

What does the Pons do?

Answer 37

– Connects brain centers to the spinal cord – Helps monitor breathing

Question 38

What does the Midbrain do?

Answer 38

▪ **Coordinates movements of the head related to vision and hearing** ▪ Controls **movement of eyes** and **size of pupils** ▪ Includes groups of neurons involved in sleep/wakefulness cycles

Question 39

Name each of the 4 lobes of the brain

Answer 39

1. Occipital lobe - right underneath a baseball hat 2. Temporal lobe - either side of the ears 3. Parietal lobe- right behind the forehead lobe 4. Frontal lobe - forehead

Question 40

What is the Occipital lobe responsible for?

Answer 40

visual information

Question 41

What is the Temporal lobe responsible for?

Answer 41

auditory information, spoken/written language

Question 42

What is the Parietal lobe responsible for?

Answer 42

sensory information from the skin

Question 43

What is the Frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 43

motor activity, speech, conscious thought

Question 44

What causes an infection of the nervous system?

Answer 44

Caused by viruses or bacteria that pass through the blood-brain barrier

Question 45

Describe Meningitis

Answer 45

Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection

Question 46

Describe Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 46

an **accumulation of abnormal protein**, beta amyloid, **causing progressive memory lapses and dementia**

Question 47

Describe Parkinson’s disease

Answer 47

a **progressive degenerative disorder affecting motor activity** due to loss of dopamine-releasing neurons.