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BHSC 1119 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Stimulus

A

part of negative feedback; it is the deviation from the set point

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2
Q

Receptor

A

part of negative feedback; detects the stimulus and sends input to control centre (via hormones/nerve impulse)

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3
Q

Control Centre

A

part of negative feedback; brain; evaluates input from receptor and generates output ( in form of hormone, nerve impulse)

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4
Q

Effector

A

part of negative feedback; body structure that receives outputs and produces response to counteract stimulus

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

state of relative internal stability; function at optimal level

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6
Q

positive feedback

A

produces response that reinforces initial stimulus; shut off by event outside of system

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7
Q

Disorder

A

abnormality of structure/function

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8
Q

Disease

A

illness characterized by set of symptoms

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9
Q

symptoms

A

subjective changes in body function not apparent to observers

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10
Q

signs

A

objective changes that are observable and measured

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11
Q

aging

A

decline in body’s ability to restore homeostasis

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12
Q

chemical

A

atoms and mlcs found in cell (C, H, N, O)

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13
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells similar in structure and function

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14
Q

organs

A

composed of different kinds of tissues

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15
Q

organ system

A

groups of organs working together for common function

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

1/3 component of cytoplasm; fluid containing solutes; site of chemical reactions

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

1/3 component of cytoplasm; provides support and aids in movement; contains microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

factory for protein synthesis; attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

network of fluid filled channels running through cytoplasm

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20
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes

synthesis and modification of proteins

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21
Q

Smooth ER

A

extending from rough ER

synthesis of lipids and detoxification of harmful substances

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22
Q

Golgi Complex

A

sorts mlcs from rough and smooth ER and sends them to destination
modifies the protein by adding carbs to lipids and proteins
proteins enter/exit in vesicles

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23
Q

Lysosomes

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A

packets of digestive enzymes; breakdown and recycle old organelles

24
Q

Mitochondria

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A

Energy factory; cellular respiration: break down sugars to produce ATP

25
Proteasomes
disposals for cytosolic proteins that are no longer functional
26
Nucleus
control centre; contains all genetic info and directs synthesis of proteins
27
Chromosomes
found within nucleoplasm; strands of DNA combined with proteins make up all genes (46 in all human somatic cells)
28
Nucleolus
contains DNA from several chromosomes that code for synthesis of ribosomes ribosomes are shipped out via nuclear pore
29
Plasma membrane
selectively permeable membrane composed of proteins and lipids
30
Phospholipids
within membrane are arranged with hydrophobic tails facing in, and hydrophilic heads facing extracellular fluid the hydrophobic tails prevent large charged mlcs from entering cell
31
cholestrol
lipid found in membrane with hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions determines flexibility of membrane (more=more flexible)
32
Integral membrane proteins
sit in middle of membrane bilayer; contains hydrophobic portions hydrophilic pores provides route for charged mlcs to enter/exit
33
Peripheral proteins
only found at one side of bilayer; many functions such as enzymes
34
Glycoproteins/glycolipids
chains of carbs attached to either proteins or lipids on extracellular layer that act as identify markers (allowing cells to recognize each other)
35
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid contained inside body cells (about 2/3)
36
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside of cell
37
Interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF) in microscopic spaces btw cells and tissues
38
Plasma
ECF in blood vessels
39
Lymph
ECF in lymphatic vessels
40
Solute
any material dissolved in a fluid
41
Solvent
the fluid in which the material is dissolved in
42
Solution
variety of solutes are dissolved in a given solvent
43
Concentration
amount of solute in a solution
44
Concentration gradient
difference in concentration btw two different areas (ICF and ECF)
45
Passive Transport
transport without expenditure of energy (moves down concentration gradient (high-low)
46
Simple Diffusion
form of passive transport; lipid soluble substances diffuse through lipid bilayer (O2, CO2, N, fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins)
47
Facilitated Diffusion
transport of mlcs by specific protein transporters in membrane Channels: ions move through ion channels formed by proteins (some are gated)
48
Osmosis
facilitated diffusion of water down concentration gradient
49
osmotic pressure
solutions containing solute mlcs that cant pass through membrane exert pressure on membrane (higher the concentration of solute= higher the pressure )
50
Isotonic Solution
solution in which cells maintain their normal shape and volume (concentration of solutes is same on each side)
51
Hypotonic Solution
areas with less solute concentration (higher water concentration); causes swelling and busting of cells (hemolysis)
52
Hypertonic Solution
higher concentration of solutes (less water); water leaves cell faster than it enters; causes cell to shrink (crenation)
53
Active Transport
``` requires energy (ATP); goes against concentration gradiet and requires use of carrier proteins ie. Na/K pump ```
54
Endocytosis
materials move into cell in a vesicle formed from plasma membrane
55
Phagocytosis
form of endocytosis where large solid particles (bacteria, dead cells) are taken in by cell; ONLY occurs in phagocytes (WBC macrophages)
56
Bulk Phase Endocytosis
cells take up tiny droplets of ECF; membrane forms vesicle containing droplet and enters cytosol lysosome engulfs solutes; resulting in smaller mlc
57
Exocytosis
materials move OUT of cell by fusion of vesicle formed inside cell with plasma membrane; carried out by secretory cells (goblet cells)

BHSC 1119 (13 decks)

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