Module 1 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
Pharmacology
A
study of: drugs, their origin, properties of the drugs, how drugs effect living organisms
2
Q
1825
A
first journal of pharmacology published
3
Q
1852
A
American pharmaceutical Association
4
Q
1926
A
Epinephrine isolated from adrenal gland
5
Q
1951
A
Government regulation (prescriptions)
6
Q
1970
A
Controlled Substance Act
7
Q
What year was the DEA established?
A
1970
8
Q
1997
A
FDA Modernization Act
9
Q
What did the FDA Modernization Act do?
A
-shortened approval time (AIDS- drugs)
10
Q
Pharmacotherapy
A
specific drugs utilized in prevention, diagnosis and treatement
11
Q
Pharmacy
A
compounding, preparing, and dispensing
12
Q
Index Terms
A
drug name, accepted abbreviation of generic drug
13
Q
Pharmacologic Category
A
One or more systemic classifications of drug
What drug is used for
14
Q
Generic
A
Official Name
active ingredient is no longer protected by a patent
15
Q
Does a generic drug have an upper or lowercase first letter?
A
lowercase
16
Q
Brand/Trade
A
Drug manufacturers name
protected/patented name (only mfg. can use)
17
Q
Toxicology
A
harmful effects of drugs
18
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
The response/Movement of drugs
- adsorbtion/distribution
- duration of action
- metabolism/extcretion
- half-life
19
Q
Class- I drugs
A
Highest abuse potential, no safe medical use
20
Q
Class II drugs
A
High abuse potential, safe medical use, must have a written prescription
21
Q
Class III drugs
A
Moderate abuse potential
22
Q
Class IV drugs
A
Low abuse potential
23
Q
Class V drugs
A
lowest abuse potential
24
Q
Class I drug examples:
A
marijuana, PCP, LSD, heroin
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Class II drug examples:
cocaine, morphine, methadone, methamphetamine, oxycodone (percodan/percocet), Ritalin
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Class III drug examples:
Acetaminophen with codeine or hydrocodone (vicodin), anabolic steroids
27
Class IV drug examples:
Triazolam, valium &xanex (benzodiazepine)
28
Class V drug examples:
Cough medications that contain codeine
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Dose/Response Curve
how much (mg/dose) do I give before I see a response
30
Ceiling Effect
occurse when a theraputic response cannot be increased with a high dose
-detrimental/overdose
31
Potency
how much drug is needed to produce a response
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Median Effective Dose
the amound of drug that produces half of the maxiumum effect
33
High potency
a smaller dose of a drug will produce the same effect as a higher doseof another drug in the same class
34
lower ED 50=
more potent
35
Efficacy
differences in the maximum effect that drugs will produce at any dose
More of the drug will not = better results
36
An example of efficacy
Aspirin and Morphine are analgesics, aspirin in its most effective dose is not as effective as morphine
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Theraputic Index
Ratio of drugs is toxic dose (LD) to its theraputic dose (ED)
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Does a safe drug have a low or high TI
High
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How many subjects does a LD kill
1/2
40
How many subjects does a ED have a response in?
1/2
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High theraputic index
Low toxicity- few side effects
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Low theraputic Index
Greater toxicity, needs to be monitored closely
43
What is an example of a drug with a low theraputic index?
DIgitalis (for congestive heart failure), Coumadin
44
Idosyncracy
an unexpected effect, a toxic, opposite, unusual or no effect
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What can cause an Idiosyncracy
a genetic deficiency
46
What is an example of an idiosyncracy
Amphetamines (stimulant) calms kids with ADHD down
47
Allergy
response to allergen in hypersensitive person; disorder of immune system
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Antibody
protein develops in response to antigen,
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Antigen/Antibody response forms:
the basis of immunity
50
Can antibodies be present from the past?
Yes, immunizations, vaccinations, transfered from mom
51
Antigen
any substance foreign to body that provokes an immune response
52
what happens when there is a true allergic reaction?
mast cells release histamine
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What does histamine do?
bronchi constrict/vasodilation which causes increased blood flow
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What does histamine cause?
rash, hives, dyspnea, decreased BP
55
What anesthetics are less allergenic?
sept, lido, carbo
56
Define a drug
any substance that when taen into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions
57
is a drug biologically active?
yes
58
What is a placebo
has no effect on living organisms, not biologically active
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A placebo is an inert substance T/F
True
60
What is tolerance?
dcreased response to a drug
61
What happens when there is a tolerance?
a larger and larger does is required to obtain the same response as the orginal dose
62
What does a pt. experience when they have to take larger and larger doses
a euphoric high
63
What is a sign of dependence
oxycontin
64
What kind of drugs does tolerance occur with?
addictive or mind altering drugs that cause excitement, depression or addiction
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What happens in tolerance to antibiotics?
antibiotics may not be effective b/c the bacteria may have become resistant
66
What is the definition of a theraputic effect
the intended effect, clinically desireable action
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What is the theraputic effect of antibiotis
to kill bactera
68
what is the theraputic effect of valium
sedation
69
what is the theraputic effect of antidepressants
to bring you out of depression
70
What is a side effect
effects other than expected or intended
71
What is the side effect of morphine
nausea of dizziness
72
Do all drugs have side effects?
Yes
73
What makes someone more susceptible to side effects?
body chemistry, mental attitude, susceptibilty of receptor sites
74
What is a toxic effect?
when a side effect becomes harmful
75
What is a teratogen?
the development of abnormal structures in an embryo which result in birth defects
76
What is the drug that cause the largest medical catastrophe of teratogens?
Thalidomide in 1961
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What is THalidomide?
OTC drug used for morning sickness
78
What defect did Thalidomide cause?
fetus to have short arms and legs
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Who was the FDA inspector who got THalidomide off the shelves?
Frances Kelsey in 1962
80
Definition of carcinogen
cancer causing
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What is drug dependence?
it is an addition or habituation
82
What is an addiction
psychological or physiological dependence of drug?
83
what happens to an addicted person when they stop taking the drug
they become deathly ill
84
What are common drugs used for detox?
suboxone, trazodone, anabuse,methadone
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What is anabuse used for
detox off alcohol
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what is methadone used for
opioid dependency
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what is suboxone used for
heroin, opioid detox
88
what is trazaone used for
alcohol, cocaine detox
89
What is a habituation
psychological dependence or habit
90
What are the oral routes of administration?
Enteral-intestines or rectal
91
How are oral meds adsorbed?
in the small intestine
92
What are the types of oral meds?
tabs, capsules, powder, suspensions, liquids
93
Liquids have a _________onset of _______ mmins
liquid, 30-60 m ins
94
What is the enteral route?
sublingual/buccal
95
How fast is the sublingual/buccal route?
onset within minutes
96
what is an example of a sublingual med?
nitro tabs/ spray
97
What are some oral route considerations?
- may cause nausea/vomiting
- unpredictable blood levels
- slow onset
98
What are the benefits of an oral med?
simple, many dosage forms
99
What is the Parental forms of administration?
IV, IM, SQ, IO
100
What is the IV route of administration?
drug delivered directly into blood
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are IVs more predictable?
YES
102
IV have a faster/slower onset
faster
103
Why is there a rapid onset of IV drugs?
the adsorption phase is by passed
104
What are the disadvantages of of IV administration?
- phelbitis
- drug is not retrivable
- high allergy rate
- greater side effects
105
What is the intraosseous infusion
drains into the venous system
106
when is the IO infusion used?
when an IV is not acceptable in peds
107
What are the advantages of an IM drug?
muscle is vascular, quick onset
108
What is an example of an IM drug?
demorol
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What are the disadvantages of an IM drug?
temp, and muscularity may effect adsorbtion
110
W hat are the advantages of a SQ drug?
quick
111
What is a SQ drug?
insulin
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What are the disadvantages of a SQ drug?
temp and muscularity may effect adsorbtion
113
What are the topical routes of administration?
Inhalation, topical cream/ointment/suppository
114
What are the advantages of inhalation drugs?
oral or nasal delivery, fairly easy/ fast onset
115
what are the disadvantages of inhalation drugs?
may damage mucosal tissue
116
What is the onset with topical creams/ointment/suppository?
onset varies with tissues
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What is the advantage of an intradermal injection?
more blood vessels than subcutaneous layer
118
What are exampes of intradermal injections
allergy testing, tb test
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Where are SQ drugs injected?
into connective tissue
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What drugs cant be used SQ?
irritating drugs or large volumes
121
What are examples of SQ drugs?
insulin, local anesthetic
122
What is the onset of IM drugs?
15 to 30 min onset
123
WHere is a good site for and iM injection?
deltiod, gluteus, somewhere away from bone, vessels nerves
124
What is the transdermal route of administration?
(topical) contiuous low dosage release
125
What are some examples of transdermal?
nitro, nicoder, birth control, pain control
126
Ihalation is a _________effect
local and systemic
127
How fast does inhalation work
within one minute
128
What is an example of a local effect of a inhalation drug?
bronchodilators
129
what is a systemic example of a inhalation drug
nitrous, oxygen
130
What are the layers of a transdermal patch?
impermeable membrane, drug resivor, memebrane, adhesive
131
What does the impermeable membrande of a transdermal patch do?
keeps drug from evaporating
132
What does the drug resivor do in a transdermal patch?
Stores drug
133
What does the membrane in a transdermal patch do?
controls rate of drug release
134
What is the route of administration in an emergency?
IV
135
What are examples of topicals?
ointments, drops, creams/gels, application
136
What effect does a percutaneous route of administration have?
a local effect on the skin
137
What is the application of a percutaneous drug?
local anes. ointment cream
138
What is adsorbtion?
process of moving a drug across cell/tissue membranes
139
What is distribution?
the process of transporting drugs through the body
140
What is metabolism?
chemical reactions in the body/ biotransfromation
141
What is excretion?
removing substances from the body
142
Before a drug is adsorbed what must is pass through?
cell membranes and or tissue barriers to gain access to organ/tissue and have an effect
143
What are the barriers for an oral capusle drug?
esophagus, GI tract, Into blood, intestinal mucosal bood barrier
144
Are liquid forms of a drug readily adsorbed?
yes
145
What are the barriers for an oral sublingual drug?
epithelium of the oral mucosa before entering blood
146
What harmful substances are allowed through the placental barrier?
alcoho, nicotine, drugs
147
In order for a drug to have a pharmacological effect on tissues it must cross the
blood/tissue barrier
148
TO have an effect on the brain a drug must cross the
blood brain barrier
149
WHat does a cell memebrane form
the barriers between different compartments in the body
150
What is biophospholipid membrane compsed of?
lipids, protiens, carbs
151
What are the qualities of the outside of the cell membrane?
polar, hydrophilic, water soluble heads oriented outward
152
Drugs that are water soluble do not pass through the lipid layer by
aqueous pores
153
What is the inside of the cell membrane composed of?
non polar, hydrophobic, fat soluble tails inside membrane
154
what doe sthe lipid membrane allow through l
lipid soluble drugs to penetrate cell membranes more easily by diffusion
155
Lipid soluble drugs are the only ones able to pass through_________
the blood brain barrier
156
A drug should have both lipid and water soluble qualities T?F
True
157
What is one on the most important determinants of the parmacokinetic characteristics of a drug
Lipid solubility
158
When food is absent it causes a drug to work ___
faster
159
When a cell has a thick membrane it causes drugs to work
slow
160
When a drug is lipid soluble it causes it to work
faster
161
Then the temperature is warm it causes a drug to work
faster
162
When there is increased surface area it causes a drug to work
fast
163
Name the physical states of a drug and their rate of asdorbtion
gas-fast
liquid-slower
solid- slowest
164
When there is ioniization a drug adsorbs
slower
165
when there is unionization a drug adsorbs
faster
166
Desrcibe connections of cell membranes and their adsorbtion rate
Brain-tight-slower
| liver-loose-faster
167
WHat are the 2 factors that affect adsorbtion:
Transport mechanism and drug ionization
168
What are the 3 transport mechanisms
passive or facilitated diffusion, active transport
169
What is passive diffusion
From a high concentration to a low concentration
170
What is the most common way for a drug to be adsorbed?
via passive diffusion
171
Is any energy used is passive adsorbtion?
no
172
What does passive diffusion depend on?
degree of lipid solubility
173
What is facilitated diffusion?
drug is too large or too plar to diffuse across membrane and a carrier protein is needed
174
Is there energy used in facilitate diffusion?
no
175
What are examples of things that use facilitated diffusion?
sugar, penicilin, asprin
176
Is active diffusion?
involves the use of carrier proteins to move drugs against the concentration gradient
177
Active diffusion is _________ concentration to _________ concentration
low to high
178
does active diffusion use energy?
yes
179
What are examples of things that use active diffusion?
vitamins, sugars, amino-acids
180
What drugs readily pass through body membranes?
non ionized, uncharged, nonpolar, lipid soluble
181
The amount of drug adsorbed is less if it is:
polar, ionized, charged, decrease in lipid solubility
182
How much of the drug changed to ionized depends on
pKA and pH of drug
183
What is the pH of a drug
concentration of H ions
184
What is the pKA of a drug
related to the equilibrium that the drug has with its ionized form and is the ph at which the drug is 50 percent ionized
185
When a drug leaves the blood it is distributed to
extracellular fluid or enter the intracelluar space
186
What is the extracelluar fluid?
all fluids outside the cells which include plasma, interstital fluid, lymph
187
What factors affect how much drug reaches the receptor sites?
Plasma protein binding, size of organ, drug solubility, tissue affinity, barriers
188
Is a bound drug available for interaction?
no
189
WHat is an example of a bound drug
Warfarin
190
What do NSAIDS do to warfarin?
displaces it from the drug complex raising blood levels of arfarin and increasing the risk of bleeding
191
An unbound drug is available for paramacologic reactoin T/F
true
192
Is an unbound drug biologically active
YEs
193
Can drugs be bound reversibly to plasma proteins
yes
194
How does the size of the organ effect how much drug reaches the receptor sites?
organs with the largest amt of blood flow are exposed to the most drug
195
How does drug solubility affect how much drug reaches the receptor sites?
All lipiid soluble drugs will pass into the interstitial fluid
196
When drugs pass in to the interstitial fliuid what happens
They will encounter other cell surfaces and will readily pass
197
What can water soluble drugs only interact with?
the external portion of the cell
198
What can lipid soluble drugs interact with?
internal and external sites
199
Drugs that are bound or attracted to certain tissue sites is called
tissue affinity
200
What is metabolism/biotranformation?
when the body changes a drug for easier excretion
201
Drugs must be in what form to be excreted
water soluble
202
Drugs are eliminated as
parent compounds, unchanged
203
In metabolism a drug molecule is
altered, metabolites
204
some drugs are biotransformed by enzymes in the :
Kidney, Plasma, Lungs, Intestinal Mucosa
205
What is the major route of fluoride elimation
Urine
206
Are fat soluble drugs excreted in the urine?
NO
207
What needs to happen to fat soluble drugs before they can be excreted?
metabolized into water soluble in the liver
208
What is the PRIMARY site of biotransformation?
LIVER
209
The liver changes drugs to__________ through an enzymatic process
metabolites
210
what is the most imporant route of elimination'?
kidneys
211
What happens if an individual has impairment of liver or kidney function
toxicity occurs quickly
212
Is the mechanism of action known for all drugs?
no
213
What is the site of action fo the theraputic effect/drug activity?
area we want action to take place
214
WHere do we interpret pain?
brain
215
where is the fever reducer?
hypothalmus
216
Where is anesthetics effect?
nerve
217
What is drug action?
what the drug does when it combines with the drug receptor
218
What are receptors
macromolecuse (proteins, carbs, glycoprotiens)
