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ANAT 380 > Module 1: The Thoracic Region > Flashcards

Module 1: The Thoracic Region Flashcards

1
Q

What does the diaphragm separate

A

-thoracic and abdominal cavities

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2
Q

Right dome of diaphragm

A

-can rise up to level of upper border of rib 5

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3
Q

Left dome of diaphragm

A

-can rise up to level of lower border of rib 5

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4
Q

Central tendon of diaphragm

A

-where peripheral muscular fibres of diaphragm attach to inferior margin of thoracic cage and lumbar vertebrae

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5
Q

Right crus of diaphragm

A

-muscular extention of diaphragm that originates from anterolateral surface of upper 3 lumbar vertebrae

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6
Q

Left crus of diaphragm

A

-muscular extension of diaphragm that originates from anterolateral surface of upper 2 lumbar vertebrae

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7
Q

Apertures of the diaphragm

A

-caval opening
-esophageal hiatus
-aortic hiatus

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8
Q

Caval opening location

A

-in central tendon
-at level T8

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9
Q

Caval opening function

A

-opening for inferior vena cava

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10
Q

Esophageal hiatus location

A

-in right crus
-at level T10

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11
Q

Esophageal hiatus function

A

-opening for esophagus

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12
Q

Aortic hiatus location

A

-between left and right crus
-at level T12

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13
Q

Aortic hiatus function

A

-opening for abdominal portion of aorta

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14
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

-external intercostals
-internal/innermost intercostals

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15
Q

External intercostals

A

-fibres run anteroinferiorly from the lower border of rib (put hand in pocket)

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16
Q

Internal/innermost intercostals

A

-fibres run posterosuperiorly from upper border of rib

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17
Q

Muscle strain

A

-stretching or tearing of muscle fibres, because of too much stretch or forced contraction

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18
Q

Movements that would cause an intercostal muscle strain

A

-twisting
-reaching upwards

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19
Q

Joints of the sternum

A

-manubriosternal joint
-xiphisternal joint

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20
Q

Manubriosternal joint

A

-where inferior border of manubrium articulates with superior part of sternal body (sternal angle)

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21
Q

What is manubriosternal joint in line with

A

-T4 and T5

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22
Q

Xiphisternal joint

A

-attaches the xiphoid process to sternal body

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23
Q

What is xiphisternal joint in line with

A

-T9

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24
Q

Parts of the intervertebral disc

A

-annulus fibrosus
-nucleus pulposus

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25
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A

-outer ring of fibrocartilage

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26
Q

Annulus fibrosus function

A

-to resist shear forces

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27
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

-inner gelatinous structure

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28
Q

Nucleus pulposus function

A

-resist compressive forces

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29
Q

Herniated disc

A

-bulging of nucleus pulposus through the weak spots of annulus fibrosus
-if ruptured completely, can compress intervertebral foramen contents

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30
Q

Herniated disc symptoms

A

-localized back pain
-numbness
-weakness

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31
Q

Rib fracture

A

-results in injury to internal organs such as lungs

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32
Q

Rib fracture symptoms

A

-localized chest and back pain

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33
Q

Rib bruising

A

-bruising of skin over a rib

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34
Q

Rib bruising symptoms

A

-localized pain and swelling of the area

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35
Q

Rib inflammation symptoms

A

-chest wall pain
-may span area of more than one rib

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36
Q

How is a rib fracture often caused

A

-direct blow to the chest

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37
Q

What is a break in costal cartilage considered

A

-rib fracture

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38
Q

Thoracic apertures

A

-thoracic inlet
-thoracic outlet

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39
Q

Thoracic inlet

A

-allows passage between thorax and neck

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40
Q

What is the thoracic inlet formed by

A

-manubrium
-rib 1
-body of T1

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41
Q

Thoracic outlet

A

-allows passage between thorax and abdomen

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42
Q

What is the thoracic outlet formed by

A

-xiphoid process
-costal margin
rib 11 & 12
-body of T12

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43
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A

-actually associated with thoracic inlet
-can occur when blood vessels or nerves passing through thoracic inlet are compressed

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44
Q

Common causes of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

-physical trauma
-repetitive injuries
-anatomical defects
-pregnancy

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45
Q

Symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome

A

-pain and numbness in neck and shoulders
-due to compression of blood vessels and nerves travelling through the region

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46
Q

Internal thoracic arteries

A

-2 paired arteries located lateral to sternum
-main blood supply of anterior thoracic wall

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47
Q

Types of intercostal arteries

A

-anterior intercostal arteries
-posterior intercostal arteries

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48
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries

A

-arise from internal thoracic arteries
-pass around thoracic wall in costal groove of ribs to form anastomosis with posterior intercostal arteries

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49
Q

Posterior intercostal arteries

A

-branches off the thoracic aorta
-travels anteriorly to anastomose with anterior intercostal arteries

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50
Q

Subcostal arteries

A

-12th pair in intercostal space
-run inferior to costal margin compared to intercostal arteries

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51
Q

Intercostal and subcostal veins

A

-venous drainage pairs with anterior intercostal veins, posterior intercostal veins, and subcostal veins
-all drain deoxygenated blood into the heart

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52
Q

What do thoracic spinal nerves pass through

A

-intervertebral foramina

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53
Q

Parts of thoracic spinal nerves

A

-rami
-branches

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54
Q

Thoracic spinal nerves rami

A

-after exiting intervertebral foramen, each thoracic nerve divides into dorsal and ventral ramus

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55
Q

Ventral rami

A

-called intercostal nerves
-run in the costal grooves of corresponding ribs

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56
Q

Dorsal rami

A

-supply the deep muscles of the back segmentally and overlying skin

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57
Q

Thoracic spinal nerve branches

A

-lateral cutaneous branch
-terminal, anterior cutaneous branch

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58
Q

What do thoracic spinal nerve branches innervate

A

-skin of the thoraco-abdominal wall

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59
Q

Intercostal nerves 1-6

A

-innervate the intercostal muscles of thoracic wall and overlying skin

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60
Q

Intercostal nerves 7-12

A

-innervate abdominal muscles and overlying skin

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61
Q

Main innervation of diaphragm

A

-phrenic nerve

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62
Q

What are the phrenic nerves formed from

A

-C3, C4, C5

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63
Q

Phrenic nerve purpose

A

-provide motor innervation to diaphragm and sensory innervation to central tendon

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64
Q

Internal structures of the breast

A

-lobes
-suspensory ligament
-lactiferous ducts

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65
Q

Lobes of the breast

A

-each breast is divided into 15 to 20 lobes that contain mammary glands

66
Q

Suspensory ligaments (of cooper)

A

-separate lobes by radial septa called suspensory ligaments

67
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

-produce lactiferous products

68
Q

Mammary duct ectasia

A

-condition where lactiferous duct widens, causing duct walls to thicken and may be become blocked or clogged with product

69
Q

Mammary duct ectasia symptoms

A

-nipple discharge
-breast tenderness
-breast lump

70
Q

When might mammary gland ectasia be more prevalant

A

-may be more prevalant in perimenopausal women

71
Q

Complications associated with breast augmentation

A

-pectoralis muscle rupture

72
Q

Pectoralis muscle rupture symptoms

A

-tearing/popping
-pain
-weakness
-reduced range of movement in shoulder

73
Q

Arterial supply of lateral breast

A
  • lateral thoracic arteries
    -branches of axillary artery
74
Q

Arterial supply of medial breast

A

-branches of internal thoracic artery

75
Q

Pagets disease of the breast

A

-rare form of breast cancer
-begins as mass at nipple and can spread through arterial/lymphatic system

76
Q

Pagets disease of the breast symptoms

A

-shape changes
-formation of crusting of lactiferous products at nipple

77
Q

Lymphatic drainage of breast lateral component

A

-axillary nodes

78
Q

Lymphatic drainage of breast medial component

A

-parasternal nodes

79
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the breast superior component

A

-supraclavicular nodes

80
Q

Intraductal papilloma

A

-begins as a small tumor and can form in a lactiferous duct in the breast
-typically felt as a small lump confined to region proximal to nipple

81
Q

Apex of the heart position

A

-directed forward, downward, and to the left

82
Q

Base of the heart position

A

-posterior surface

83
Q

Pericardium

A

-sac that encloses heart and the roots of great vessels entering and leaving it

84
Q

Location of heart

A

-lies behind sternum and in central part of thoracic cage

85
Q

Size of the heart

A

-clenched fist

86
Q

Pericarditis

A

-inflammation of the pericardium
-idiopathic in most patients

87
Q

What does idiopathic mean

A

-arises spontaneously
-no known cause

88
Q

What can pericarditis cause

A

-build up of fluid in the body cavity such as pericardial cavity

89
Q

Symptoms of pericarditis

A

-diaphragmatic spasms
-shortness of breath
-chest pain

90
Q

Sensory innervation

A

-phrenic nerves
-also provide sensory innervation to fibrous pericardium and serous parietal pericardium

91
Q

Referred pain in a heart attack

A

-one of the first signs of a heart attack
-pain in shoulder and arm

92
Q

Ventricular outflow tracts

A

-left ventricular outflow tract
-right ventricular outflow tract

93
Q

Left ventricular outflow tract

A

-superior wall of left ventricle consists of vestibule leading to aortic orifice

94
Q

Left ventricular outflow tract aortic orifice

A

-where aortic valve is
-which has 3 semilunar cusps and 3 aortic sinuses

95
Q

Right ventricular outflow tract

A

-superior wall of right ventricle is smooth and funnel shaped, forming infundibulum, which leads to pulmonary trunk carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs

96
Q

Right ventricular outflow tract pulmonary orifice

A

-where pulmonary valve is
-which has 3 semilunar cusps

97
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

-caused from long term excessive endurance exercise
-may induce pathologic structural remodelling of heart and large arteries such as thickening of heart musculature

98
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptoms

A

-shortness of breath
-chest pain during exercise
-fainting

99
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy possible cause

A

-left ventricular outflow tract obstruction due to abnormal mitral valve opening/closing

100
Q

Is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy hypertrophy symmetric or asymmetric

A

-asymmetric

101
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

-condition in which mitral valve cusps do not close properly because of abnormally long (or short) chordae tendineae or malfunctioning papillary muscles

102
Q

Mitral valve prolapse mitral valve

A

-causes mitral valve to flop backward into atrium, which causes regurgitation back into atrium

103
Q

Mitral valve prolapse regurgitation

A

-can sometimes affect left ventricular outflow which would result in regurgitation between left atria and left ventricle

104
Q

Mitral valve prolapse symptoms

A

-heart palpitations

105
Q

Interventricular septum

A

-divides left and right ventricles to isolate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

106
Q

2 parts of the interventricular septum

A

-thick muscular part
-thin upper membranous part

107
Q

Ventricular septal defects

A

-causes ventricular walls and interventricular septum to be thickened
-this is because blood pressure in the left ventricle is higher than the right

108
Q

Most common site of ventricular septal defect

A

-membranous part

109
Q

Skeleton of the heart

A

-dense connective tissue that is the site of attachment of the atrial and ventricular muscles
-as well as the heart valves

110
Q

Calcific aortic stenosis

A

-progressive fibro-calcific remodelling and thickening of aortic valve leaflets that evolve over years to cause severe obstruction to cardiac outflow

111
Q

What is progressive fibro-calcific remodelling

A

-calcification to fibrous tissue in the heart

112
Q

What does calcific aortic stenosis do to aortic valve

A

-causes it to narrow
-causing pressure to increase in left ventricle
-left ventricle may enlarge to compensate for the blockage

113
Q

Who does calcific aortic stenosis affect

A

-adults 65+

114
Q

Calcific aortic stenosis symptoms

A

-shortness of breath
-chest pain
-feeling faint/dizzy when exercising

115
Q

What does the aorta do

A

-carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

116
Q

Path of the aorta

A

-follows a pathway arching backward and to the left of vertebral column

117
Q

3 main branches of arch of aorta

A

-brachiocephalic
-left subclavian
-left common carotid

118
Q

What does the brachiocephalic artery split into

A

-right common carotid
-right subclavian

119
Q

How far does brachiocephalic artery travel before bifurcation

A

-4-5 cm

120
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

-abnormal widening or ballooning of part of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessels

121
Q

Aortic aneurysm symptoms

A

-chest or back pain
-difficulty breathing
-shortness of breath

122
Q

Left ventricular angiography

A

-dye injected in a specific order to test for aortic aneurysm

123
Q

Order of dye injected in left ventricular angiography

A

-aorta
-brachiocephalic artery
-left common carotid artery
-left subclavian artery

124
Q

Right internal thoracic artery origin

A

-right subclavian artery

125
Q

Left internal thoracic artery origin

A

-left subclavian artery

126
Q

How many sinuses does the aorta have

A

-3

127
Q

What do left and right aortic sinuses give rise to

A

-left and right coronary arteries

128
Q

What does the posterior aortic sinus give rise to

A

-nothing

129
Q

What do the left and right coronary artery supply

A

-the heart itself

130
Q

Right and left coronary arteries anastomoses

A

-anastomose to form a circle in coronary sinus between atria and ventricles
-anastomose as a loop in interventricular sulcus between ventricles

131
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

-significant occlusion in any portion of the coronary circulation will reduce blood flow to the heart

132
Q

Coronary artery disease symptoms

A

-chest pain
-shortness of breath
-heart attack

133
Q

What is a pleural recess

A

-potential space of pleural cavity which are not filled with lung tissue during expiration

134
Q

2 pleural recesses

A

-costomediastinal recess
-costodiaphragmatic recess

135
Q

Pleural effusion

A

-when pleural recesses fill with fluid
-expanding of the lungs may be impaired

136
Q

Pleural effusion symptoms

A

-difficulty breathing
-pain extending into should/neck region

137
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess location

A

-between costal and diaphragmatic pleura
-below inferior part of lungs

138
Q

What could pleural effusions in costodiaphragmatic recesses be caused by

A

-underlying heart failure
-liver cirrhois

139
Q

Costomediastinal recess location

A

-anterior thorax
-between costal mediastinal parietal pleura

140
Q

Which costomediastinal recess is larger

A

-left recess

141
Q

Parietal pleura innervation

A

-intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves

142
Q

Visceral pleura innervation

A

-autonomic innervation

143
Q

What types of sensation is visceral pleura sensitive/not sensitive to

A

-not sensitive to pain, temp, or touch
-sensitive to stretch

144
Q

Hilum of the lungs

A

-depression centred in medial surface of lung
-where structures enter and exit the lung

145
Q

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

A

-high blood pressure in pulmonary arteries
-causes vessels walls to be stiff, swollen and build up plaque
-impedes blood flow to the lungs, increasing artery pressure which potentially compresses adjacent bronchi
-can also cause heart muscle strain due to greater force having to be exerted

146
Q

Pulmonary arterial hypertension symptoms

A

-tightness in thoracic wall
-shortness of breath
-fatigue
-fainting

147
Q

What does the brachiocephalic vein drain into

A

-superior vena cava

148
Q

Azygos vein

A

-one of the main tributaries of superior vena cava

149
Q

Azygos vein location

A

-enters thorax from abdomen through aortic hiatus (T12) of diaphragm
-ascends to the right of lower thoracic vertebral bodies

150
Q

Tributaries of the azygos vein

A

-hemiazygos veins
-accessory hemiazygos veins
-right posterior intercostal veins
-right bronchial veins

151
Q

Hemiazygos veins

A

-drains the left posterior intercostal veins

152
Q

Accessory hemiazygos veins

A

-drains the left posterior intercostal veins

153
Q

Right posterior intercostal veins

A

-drain directly into azygos vein
-unlike its left counterpart

154
Q

Right bronchial veins

A

-remove deoxygenated blood from the lungs

155
Q

Main ducts in lymphatic drainage of the upper body

A

-thoracic duct
-right lymphatic duct

156
Q

Thoracic duct

A

-drains lymph from left side of head, neck, thorax, left upper limb and all structures below diaphragm

157
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

-drains lymph from the right side of the head and neck, thorax, and right limb

158
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

-inflammatory disease that causes abnormal masses or nodules to form in pulmonary, bronchopulmonar (hilar), and paratracheal lymph nodes

159
Q

Arterial supply of the lung

A

-descending thoracic aorta

160
Q

Descending thoracic aorta

A

-continuation of aortic arch at level T4/T5 and provides oxygenated blood to the thorax

161
Q

Anxiety with dyspnea

A

-constriction of broncial arteries could result in decreased blood supply to the lung tissue

162
Q

Anxiety with dyspnea symptoms

A

-shortness of breath
-chest tightness
-hyperventilation
-fainting
-nausea

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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