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ANAT 380 > Module 7a: The Head > Flashcards

Module 7a: The Head Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of the scalp

A

-skin
-dense connective tissue
-aponeurosis
-loose connective tissue
-pericranium

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2
Q

Skin of the scalp

A

-contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

Dense connective tissue of the scalp

A

-highly innervated and vascularized, also contains hair follicles

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4
Q

Aponeurosis of the scalp

A

-tendon-like sheet covers dome of skull
-intermediate muscle between occiptalis and frontalis muscle

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5
Q

Loose connective tissue of the scalp

A

-danger area
-infections can spread easily between in and enter cranial cavity
-provides plane of separation between upper 3 layers and pericranium

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6
Q

Pericranium of the scalp

A

-very thin layer of connective tissue that covers bones of skull
-serves for protection and provides nutrients o the bone

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7
Q

Complications with hair transplants

A

-nerve damage
-prolonged pain

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8
Q

Nerve damage with hair transplant

A

-numbness/lack of sensation
-bleeding from vascular damage

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9
Q

Prolonged pain with hair transplants

A

-pain that doesnt subside after 4-5 weeks may indicate infection

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10
Q

Ducts of the salivary gland

A

-parotid gland
-submandibular gland

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11
Q

Parotid gland

A

-secretions from gland exit through stensens duct, which passes superficial to masseter muscle and pierces buccinator to open into oral cavity

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12
Q

Submandibular gland

A

-in the neck
-medial to lower border of mandible
-secretions exit through whartons duct

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13
Q

Salivary gland stones

A

-calcified stones that form when chemicals in saliva accumulate in duct or gland

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14
Q

Salivary gland symptoms

A

-swelling of gland
-pain in lower jaw
-difficulty opening mouth due to blockage

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15
Q

Salivary gland stones risk factors

A

-dehydration
-poor eating
-use of certain medications
-trauma
-genetics

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16
Q

Which gender has a higher risk of salivary stones

A

-males

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17
Q

Function of the muscles of facial expression

A

-protect orifices of face by acting as sphincters and dilators
-attach to face and cause changes in expression

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18
Q

Buccinator

A

-contraction pulls cheeks tightly against teeth
-preventing food from collecting between teeth and gums during mastication
-works with tongue to keep food between molars

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19
Q

Branches of the facial nerve

A

-temporal
-zygomatic
-marginal mandibular
-cervical
-buccal

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20
Q

Buccinator muscle strain

A

-can occur from strenuous activity of jaw such as chewing gum, ill-fitted mouthpieces, or a contact injury to the face

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21
Q

What nerve is the buccinator innervated by

A

-buccal branch of facial nerve

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22
Q

Buccinator muscle strain

A

-deep pain in cheek
-pain during chewing, smiling, and swallowing

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23
Q

Function of the trigeminal nerve

A

-carries sensory and motor innervation to the face

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24
Q

Trigeminal nerve branches

A

-mandibular branch
-maxillary branch
-ophthalmic branch

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25
Q

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

A

-supplies skin of lower lip, lower face, temporal region, and upper part of external ear, motor info to muscles of mastication

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26
Q

Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

A

-innervates skin of lateral sides of nose, lower eyelid, cheek, temporal region, and upper lip

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27
Q

Ophthalmic branch

A

-carries sensory info from skin of forehead, upper eyelid, and midline of nose

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28
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia

A

-chronic pain condition resulting from trigeminal nerve impairment
-can be caused by compression of nerve by neighbouring structures, multiple sclerosis, or natural aging/plastic surgery

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29
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms

A

-stabbing or shooting pain
-jaw and/or gum region
-forehead region triggered by brushing hair/teeth
-pain can last seconds or minutes with multiple attacks a day

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30
Q

Axis’ of extraocular muscles of eye

A

-horizontal axis
-vertical axis

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31
Q

Superior rectus

A

-elevation of eyeball

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32
Q

Inferior oblique

A

-elevation of eyeball

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33
Q

Inferior rectus

A

-depression of eyeball

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34
Q

Superior oblique

A

-depression of eyeball

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35
Q

Lateral rectus

A

-abduction of eyeball

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36
Q

Medial rectus

A

-adduction of the eyeball

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37
Q

Lateral rectus

A

-abduction of the eyeball

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38
Q

Arterial supply of the orbit

A

-ophthalmic artery branches off internal carotid artery and enters orbit through optic canal
-branches of this artery supply contents of orbit and eyelids

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39
Q

Central retinal artery

A

-branch of the ophthalmic artery that nourishes the retina of eyeball

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40
Q

Venous drainage of the orbit

A

-superior ophthalmic vein which is formed by smaller veins that drain into orbit, passes through superior orbital fissure to drain into cavernous sinus

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41
Q

Inferior ophthalmic vein

A

-usually joins superior ophthalmic vein before draining into cavernous sinus

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42
Q

Pyomositis of extraocular muscles

A

-acute bacterial infection caused by staphylococus aureus found in respiratory tract and on skin

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43
Q

Pyomositis of extraocular muscles symptoms

A

-pain
-swelling
-redness in eye
-restricted movement of eye
-vision impairments
-central retinal artery occlusion

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44
Q

Borders of the middle ear

A

-lateral
-medial
-posterior
-roof
-floor
-lower anterior
-upper anterior

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45
Q

Lateral border of middle ear

A

-tympanic membrane

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46
Q

Medial border of middle ear

A

-medial (labrinthe) wall

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47
Q

Posterior border of middle ear

A

-thin bone separating tympanic cavity from mastoid air cells

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48
Q

Roof of middle ear

A

-tegman tympani

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49
Q

Floor of middle ear

A

-thin bone separating middle ear from internal jugular vein

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50
Q

Lower anterior border of middle ear

A

-thin bone that separates tympanic cavity from internal carotid artery

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51
Q

Upper anterior border of middle ear

A

-incomplete because it has an opening for eustachian tube

52
Q

Eustachian tube dysfunction

A

-temporary problem caused by inability to equalize pressure in middle ear

53
Q

Eustachian tube dysfunction symptoms

A

-dulled hearing
-feeling of pressure or fullness in affected ear

54
Q

Nasal septum

A

-forms the common medial wall that separates right and left nasal cavities

55
Q

Nasal septum borders

A

-superior
-inferior
-anterior

56
Q

Superior border of nasal septum

A

-perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

57
Q

Inferior border of nasal septum

A

-vomer bone

58
Q

Anterior border of nasal septum

A

-septal cartilage

59
Q

Arterial supply of nasal septum

A

-carotid arteries
-ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
-kiesselbachs plexus

60
Q

Carotid arteries of nasal septum

A

-internal and external carotid arteries ascend towards the nasal septum

61
Q

Ophthalmic and maxillary arteries of nasal septum

A

-ophthalmic branches off internal carotid
-maxillary branches off external carotid

62
Q

Kiesselbachs plexus of nasal septum

A

-branches of ophthalmic and maxillary arteries anastomose to form this, which is a highly vascularized area in anterior portion of nasal septum

63
Q

Sensory innervation of nasal septum

A

-carried by branches of trigeminal nerve

64
Q

Special sensory innervation of nasal septum

A

-carried by olfactory nerve

65
Q

Innervation of anterosuperior part of nasal septum

A

-innervated by ophthalmic branch

66
Q

Innervation of the rest of the nasal septum

A

-innervated by maxillary branch

67
Q

Nasal polyps

A

-soft, painless, non-cancerous growths that hang down like teardrops from lining of nasal cavity

68
Q

Nasal polyps causes

A

-chronic inflammation of vascular supply in walls of nasal cavity associated with recurring infection, drug sensitivity, or certain immune disorders

69
Q

Nasal polyps symptoms

A

-loss of smell
-breathing problems
-post-nasal drip

70
Q

Nerves involved in innervation of the tongue

A

-glossopharyngeal nerve
-trigeminal nerve
-facial nerve

71
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve innervation of tongue

A

-has lingual branches that supply both general and special sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

72
Q

Trigeminal nerve innervation of tongue

A

-lingual branch supplies general sensory innervation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

73
Q

Facial nerve innervation of the tongue

A

-special sensory from anterior 2/3 of tongue is carried by lingual nerve to chorda tympani

74
Q

The lingual artery

A

-a branch of the external carotid artery

75
Q

What does the lingual artery supply

A

-the tongue
-sublingual gland
-floor of the mouth

76
Q

Dysgeusia

A

-distortion of sense of taste
-complicated diagnosis because taste is linked to both facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

77
Q

Dysgeusia symptoms

A

-distortion of taste
-issues with swallowing
-impaired gag reflex

78
Q

The muscles of mastication function

A

-4 paired muscles that attach to the mandible and are responsible for movement of the jaw

79
Q

Lateral pterygoid muscles

A

-fibres run horizontally to insert into neck of mandible as well as capsule and articular disc of temperomandibular joint

80
Q

Medial pterygoid muscle

A

-fibres run obliquely downward and backwards to insert on to the medial surface of mandible near its angle

81
Q

Actions of the muscles of mastication

A

-elevation
-depression
-lateral movement
-protraction
-retraction

82
Q

Which muscles are responsible for elevation of the mandible

A

-temporalis
-masseter
-medial pterygoid

83
Q

Which muscles are responsible for depression of the mandible

A

-none
-primary gravity
-relaxation of the muscles

84
Q

Which muscles are responsible for lateral movement of the mandible

A

-medial and lateral pterygoids

85
Q

Which muscles are responsible for protraction of the mandible

A

-lateral pterygoid

86
Q

Which muscles are responsible for retraction of the mandible

A

-temporalis

87
Q

Innervation of the muscles of mastication

A

-mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
-sensory innervation to face as well as motor innervation to muscles of mastication

88
Q

Lateral pterygoid strain

A

-may be caused by overuse, clenching of the jaw or TMJ dysfunction

89
Q

Symptoms of lateral pterygoid strain

A

-pain radiating to maxilla
-pain at TMJ aggravated by chewing
-impairment of masticatory function
-clicking noise

90
Q

Temperomandibular joint

A

-synovial modified hinge joint between head of mandible, the mandibular fossa, and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

91
Q

What is between the surfaces of the TMJ

A

-fibrocartilaginous articular disc

92
Q

Movements of the TMJ

A

-elevation
-retraction

93
Q

How is elevation of the TMJ achieved

A

-temporalis and masseter muscles

94
Q

How is retraction of the TMJ achieved

A

-temporalis muscle

95
Q

Temperomandibular joint syndrome

A

-can arise form problems with the muscles of the jaw or the joint itself being compromised
-typically due to excessive teeth grinding and jaw clenching

96
Q

Temperomandibular joint syndrome symptoms

A

-jaw clicking
-pain and tenderness
-pain in one or both temperomandibular joints
-difficulty chewing
-locking of joint

97
Q

Vasculature of masticatory apparatus

A

-maxillary artery
-middle meningeal artery

98
Q

Maxillary artery

A

-supplies muscles of mastication

99
Q

Middle meningeal artery

A

-enters cranial cavity to supply much of the dura mater

100
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

-fracture in skull may tear arterial branches of middle meningeal artery in dura mater and cause intracranial bleeding

101
Q

Epidural hematoma causes

A

-blunt injury

102
Q

Epidural hematoma symptoms

A

-initial loss of consiousness
-rapid neurological deterioration
-severe headaches due to increase in intracranial pressure

103
Q

Lateral rectus muscle innervation

A

-abducens nerve

104
Q

Lower teeth sensation innervation

A

-trigeminal nerve

105
Q

Muscles of facial expression innervation

A

-facial nerve

106
Q

Muscles of the tongue innervation

A

-hypoglossal nerve

107
Q

Sound and balance innervation

A

-vestibulocochlear nerve

108
Q

What are the parasympathetic ganglia

A

-ciliary
-pterygopalatine
-submandibular
-otic

109
Q

Otic ganglia

A

-functionally associated with glossopharyngeal nerve and innervates the parotid gland

110
Q

Otic preganglionic parasympathetic fibres

A

-leave medulla oblongata of brainstem as the glossopharyngeal nerve

111
Q

Otic postganglionic parasympathetic fibres

A

-join the auriulotemporal nerve
-a branch of mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
-innervated parotid gland

112
Q

Frey’s syndrome

A

-when auriculotemporal nerve is damaged

113
Q

Frey’s syndrome symptoms

A

-gustatory sweating which is sweating in the anticipation of eating

114
Q

Arterial supply of face

A

-ophthalmic artery
-superficial temporal artery
-facial artery

115
Q

Ophthalmic artery of the face

A

-supplies eyes and forehead

116
Q

Superficial temporal artery of the face

A

-supplies skin and muscles of temple and scalp
-parotid gland

117
Q

Where can the pulse of the superficial temporal artery be felt

A

-where it crosses the zygomatic arch, anterior to the ear

118
Q

Facial artery of the face

A

-accommodates movements of the face
-mostly in the regions of the eyes, mandible, and lips

119
Q

Where can the pulse of the facial artery be felt

A

-where it crosses the mandible

120
Q

Superficial temporal artery aneurysm

A

-bulging or weakening of the artery, brought on my traumatic injury

121
Q

Superficial temporal artery aneurysm symptoms

A

-lump of forehead
-headaches

122
Q

What is the main vein that drains face

A

-facial vein

123
Q

What does the facial vein travel alongside

A

-internal jugular vein

124
Q

What does the facial vein drain into

A

-cavernous sinus

125
Q

Why are the veins in the face a conduit for infection

A

-they do not contain valves, allowing blood to flow in either direction
-therefore infection can spread from the face intercranially

126
Q

The danger triangle

A

-the trochlear nerve, abducens nerve, and ophthalmic nerve would likely be infected by infection of cavernous sinus

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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