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ANAT 380 > Module 4: The Lower Limb > Flashcards

Module 4: The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral rotator group

A

-this group of muscle are muscles are primarily involved in lateral rotation of femur at joint

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2
Q

Lateral rotator group compartments

A

-superficial
-intermediate
-deep

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3
Q

Superficial compartment of lateral rotator group

A

-gluteus medius
-gluteus maximus

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4
Q

Intermediate group of lateral rotator group

A

-gluteus medius
-lateral rotators

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5
Q

Deep group of lateral rotator group

A

-gluteus minimus
-lateral rotators

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6
Q

Lateral rotator muscles

A

-piriformis
-obturator internus
-superior and inferior gemelli
-quatratus femoris
-obturator externus

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7
Q

Piriformis

A

-attaches from pelvic surface of lateral sacrum and attaches to femur

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8
Q

Obturator internus

A

-originates on obturator membrane of pelvis and inserts on the femur

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9
Q

Superior and inferior gemelli

A

-run above and below obturator internus

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10
Q

Quadratus femoris

A

-runs from ischial tuberosity to femur

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11
Q

Obturator externus

A

-runs from outer surface of obturator membrane to femur

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12
Q

Gemellus pain syndrome

A

-muscle spasm of overworked gemelli muscles can put pressure on surrounding nerves

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13
Q

What is the main nerve involved in gemellus pain syndrome

A

-posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

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14
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

-runs over gemelli muscles and can become compressed

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15
Q

Gemellus pain syndrome symptoms

A

-reduced range of motion of hip
-numbness in posterior thigh skin

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16
Q

Blood supply of the gluteal region

A

-branches of internal iliac artery, primarily superior and inferior gluteal arteries

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17
Q

How do gluteal region arteries enter the gluteal region

A

-through greater sciatic foramen
-superior and inferior to piriformis muscle

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18
Q

Venous drainage of gluteal region

A

-each arterial branch has a corresponding venous branch that travels alongside it
-drain into internal iliac vein

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19
Q

Internal iliac artery stenosis

A

-narrowing of internal iliac arteries reduces blood supply to structures supplied by branches of internal iliac artery

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20
Q

How is iliac artery stenosis usually caused

A

-typically a concequence of atherosclerosis

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21
Q

Internal iliac artery stenosis symptoms

A

-cramping of muscles in lower back, hip, buttock or thigh
-futher induced by exercise

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22
Q

Innervation of the gluteal region

A

-superior gluteal nerve
-inferior gluteal nerve
-posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
-sciatic nerve
-pudendal nerve

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23
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

-motor innervation to gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

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24
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A

-motor innervation to gluteus maximus

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25
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

-sensory innervation to skin of posterior thigh

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26
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

-largest nerve in body, supplies muscles that make up posterior thigh

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27
Q

Pudendal nerve

A

-motor innervation to anal sphincters and urethral sphincter
-also provides cutaneous sensory innervation

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28
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve

A

-L4, 5 & S1, 2, 3

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29
Q

Pathway of sciatic nerve in gluteal region

A

-after forming from sacral plexus, sciatic nerve leaves pelvis via grater sciatic foramen and emerges below piriformis muscle
-runs deep to gluteus maximus

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30
Q

Pathway of sciatic nerve through posterior thigh

A

-passes superficial yo lateral rotator muscles, where it enters the posterior deep to the hamstrings

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31
Q

Piriformis syndrome (sciatica)

A

-may be caused by compression of the sciatic nerve by piriformis muscle, specifically at the site where nerve emerges over lateral rotator muscles from under piriformis

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32
Q

Stabilizers of the hip joint

A

-acetabular laburm
-ligametum teres
-fibrous capsule

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33
Q

Acetabular labrum

A

-deepening of acetabulum with a rim of fibrocartilage
-this means that more than half of the femoral head can fit, greatly improving stability of the joint

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34
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

-acts as a secondary stabilizer of the hip joint, supplementing the work of the capsular ligament

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35
Q

Fibrous capsule

A

-thick and strong group of ligaments that hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum

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36
Q

How are fibrous capsule ligaments arranged

A

-oriented in a spiral fashion around the hip joint so they can tighten during extension and go back during flexion

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37
Q

Traumatic posterior hip subluxation

A

-occurs when head of femur is forced partially out of acetabulum
-most common mechanism is a fall on flexed and adducted hip
-fibrous capsule and ligamentum teres can be torn or disrupted

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38
Q

Traumatic posterior hip subluxation symptoms

A

-pain
-limited hip mobility

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39
Q

Compartments of the thigh

A

-anterior
-medial
-posterior

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40
Q

Action of medial compartment of thigh

A

-adductors

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41
Q

Muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

A

-pectineus
-adductor brevis
-adductor longus
-gracilis
-adductor magnus

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42
Q

Where do the medial compartment muscles originate and insert

A

-originate from pubis and insert onto linea aspera of femur

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43
Q

Adductor magnus

A

-deepest and largest muscle of medial compartment
-inserts on linea aspera
-can adduct, extend, and medially rotate thigh at hip joint

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44
Q

Parts of the adductor magnus

A

-smaller hamstring part
-adductor hiatus

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45
Q

Smaller hamstring part of adductor hiatus

A

-inserts on adductor tubercle of femur

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46
Q

Adductor hiatus

A

-formed by smaller hamstring part
-important for passage of vessels between anterior and posterior thigh

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47
Q

Adductor magnus strain

A

-tearing of the muscle

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48
Q

Who is adductor magnus strain common in

A

-soccer, hockey, and football players

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49
Q

Adductor magnus strain symptoms

A

-limited movement of hip, affecting gait
-pain with adduction, extension, or medial rotation
-pain and aching in groin, thigh and knee

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50
Q

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

-semitendinosus
-semimembranosus
-biceps femoris

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51
Q

What is the posterior thigh compartment known as

A

-hamstrings

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52
Q

Origin and insertion of muscles of posterior thigh

A

-originate from ischial tuberosity and insert on posteriolateral and posteromedial aspects of the knee

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53
Q

Action of the posterior muscles of the thigh

A

-extending hip and flexing knee

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54
Q

Artery branches to the hip

A

-deep femoral artery
-circumflex arteries

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55
Q

Artery branches to the thigh

A

-deep femoral artery
-superficial femoral artery

56
Q

Femoral vein

A

-drains thigh and lower limb

57
Q

Longest tributary of femoral vein

A

-great saphenous vein

58
Q

What does great saphenous vein drain

A

-superficial tissues of lower limb

59
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain

A

-contains femoral artery and vein

60
Q

Where is the adductor hiatus located

A

-deep to sartorius and superficial to adductor magnus

61
Q

Adductor hiatus

A

-pass from anterior knee to posterior knee

62
Q

Avascular necrosis of femoral head

A

-blood supply to femoral head is disrupted
-from trauma to bone
-can result in necrosis or tissue death

63
Q

Avascular necrosis of femoral head symptoms

A

-pain with weight bearing
-pain lying down
-pain may affect groin, thigh, or buttocks

64
Q

Nerve supply of hip and thigh

A

-femoral nerve
-obturator nerve
-lateral cutaneous nerve
-sciatic nerve

65
Q

Femoral nerve

A

-quadriceps muscles and skin of anterior thigh
-runs alongside femoral artery and vein in femoral triangle

66
Q

Obturator nerve

A

-muscles of medial compartment as well as skin of medial thigh

67
Q

Lateral cutaneous nerve

A

-skin on lateral aspect of thigh above knee

68
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

-hamstring muscles

69
Q

Obturator nerve entrapment

A

-can be caused by inflammation of adductor muscles
-usually impingement between adductor longus and brevis

70
Q

Obturator nerve entrapment

A

-pain along medial thigh, can radiate to groin or knee
-numbness
-pins and needles (paresthesia)
-adductor weakness
-limited ROM
-pain that worsens with activity

71
Q

The knee joint ligaments

A

-patellar ligament
-collateral ligament
-cruciate ligament

72
Q

Patellar ligament

A

-continuation of quadriceps tendon and helps keep patella in proper position

73
Q

Collateral ligament

A

-stabilize hinge motion of knee
-preventing excessive medial or lateral movement

74
Q

What are the collateral ligaments

A

-MCL
-LCL

75
Q

MCL

A

-joins distal femur to proximal tibia

76
Q

LCL

A

-joins distal femur to head of fibula

77
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

-prevent femur and tibia from sliding forwards or backwards

78
Q

What are the cruciate ligaments

A

-ACL
-PCL

79
Q

ACL

A

-prevents anterior dislocation of tibia on fixed femur

80
Q

PCL

A

-prevents posterior dislocation of tibia on fixed femur

81
Q

Menisci of the knee function

A

-c-shaped fibrocartilage pads on condyles of tibia
-deepen articular surface of tibia to increase stability

82
Q

Menisci of the knee

A

-medial meniscus
-lateral meniscus

83
Q

Medial meniscus tear

A

-can happen during activities that involve jumping, changing direction suddenly or rotation on knee joint

84
Q

Medial meniscus tear symptoms

A

-popping sensation
-localized pain in knee
-swelling
-stiffness
-pain and difficulty with weight bearing

85
Q

Muscles of the posterior leg

A

-popliteus
-gastrocnemius
-plantaris

86
Q

Popliteus

A

-deepest muscle of posterior compartment
-originating on lateral femur and inserting on posterior surface of tibia

87
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

-2 heads that originate on the medial or lateral sides of the femur and inserts on the calcaneus
-crosses 2 joints
-can flex leg and foot

88
Q

Plantaris

A

-long thin muscle originates on the posterolateral femur and inserting on the calcaneus

89
Q

Borders of the popliteal fossa

A

-semimembranosus
-biceps femoris
-plantaris
-medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius

90
Q

Medial gastrocnemius strain

A

-high risk for strain because it crosses 2 joints

91
Q

Medial gastrocnemius strain symptoms

A

-calf pain
-possible palpable bulge
-tenderness localized to medial head of gastrocnemius at the knee
-pain and weakness when flexing leg at the knee joint

92
Q

Arteries of knee and leg in order

A

-femoral artery
-popliteal artery
-anterior tibial artery
-posterior tibial artery
-fibular artery

93
Q

Veins of knee and leg in order

A

-fibular vein
-posterior tibial vein
-anterior tibial vein
-small saphenous vein
-great saphenous vein
-popliteal vein
-femoral vein

94
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

-involves formation of blood clot in deep vein

95
Q

Mechanism of deep vein thrombosis

A

-usually includes some combination of decreased blood flow rate, increased tendency to clot, and injury to vessel wall

96
Q

Risk factors of deep vein thrombosis

A

-age
-obesity
-trauma
-lack of movement
-use of birth control

97
Q

Deep vein thrombosis symptoms

A

-pin in calf
-cramps
-soreness
-red or discoloured skin
-warm and swollen

98
Q

Innervation of the knee and leg

A

-sciatic nerve
-common peroneal nerve
-tibial nerve
-superficial fibular nerve
-deep fibular nerve

99
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve supply

A

-muscles of lateral and anterior leg compartments

100
Q

What does the tibial nerve supply

A

-muscles of posterior leg

101
Q

What does the superficial fibular nerve supply

A

-muscles of lateral leg compartment

102
Q

What does the deep fibular nerve supply

A

-muscles of anterior leg compartment

103
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa

A

-popliteal artery
-popliteal vein
-tibial nerve
-common peroneal nerve

104
Q

Common peroneal nerve dysfunction

A

-occurs when there is damage to peroneal nerve leading to loss of sensation in foot and leg

105
Q

Common peroneal nerve dysfunction

A

-nerve dysfunction
-decreased sensation in parts of leg
-impairments of foot (foot drop, impaired gait)

106
Q

Tarsal bones

A

-calcaneus
-talus
-cuboid
-navicular
-intermediate, lateral, and medial cuneiforms

107
Q

Arches of the foot

A

-medial longitudinal arch
-lateral longitudinal arch
-transverse arch

108
Q

Arches of the foot function

A

-allows foot to act as a spring, bearing weight of body and absorbing shock produced during locomotion

109
Q

Stress fracture

A

-small crack in bone, or severe bruising in bone
-often caused by overuse and repetitive activity

110
Q

Stress fracture symptoms

A

-pain worsens with weight bearing and dimishes with rest
-swelling
-difficulty walking normally

111
Q

The ankle joint

A

-formed by bones of leg articulating with the foot
-hinge joint permitting dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of foot

112
Q

Ligaments of the foot and ankle

A

-deltoid ligament
-spring ligament
-plantar fascia

113
Q

Deltoid ligament

A

-stabilizes ankle during plantar flexion, external rotation and pronation

114
Q

How does the deltoid ligament run

A

-runs between tibia and talus

115
Q

Spring ligament

A

-stabilizes medial longitudinal arch and talus

116
Q

Plantar fascia

A

-plantar aponeurosis
-longest ligament of foot
-helps support medial longitudinal arch of foot

117
Q

Deltoid ligament sprain

A

-caused by sudden rotation of ankle

118
Q

Deltoid ligament sprain symptoms

A

-pain of the medial ankle
-swelling or bruising
-difficulty walking and bearing weight

119
Q

Muscles of the foot

A

-intrinsic muscles of foot
-extrinsic muscles of foot

120
Q

Intrinsic muscles of foot

A

-on sole of foot and collectively act to stabilize arches of the foot
-individually control movement of digits

121
Q

Extrinsic muscles of foot

A

-rise from anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments of leg
-mainly responsible for eversion, inversion, plantar flexion, and dorsi flexion of the foot

122
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

-important extrinsic muscle
-attaches onto navicular

123
Q

Posterior tibial tendonitis

A

-supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
-can tear or become inflamed with injury

124
Q

Posterior tibial tendonitis symptoms

A

-pain
-swelling
-warmness
-redness
-ankle may be prone to rolling medially
-toes and foot rotate laterally

125
Q

Arterial supply of ankle and foot

A

-dorsalis pedis
-posterior tibial artery

126
Q

Dorsalis pedis

A

-supplies dorsum of foot

127
Q

Posterior tibial artery

A

-supplies plantar surface of foot

128
Q

Venous drainage of ankle and foot

A

-dorsal venous arch
-drains distal structures of foot such as toes

129
Q

Varicose veins

A

-twisted enlarged veins caused by weak or damaged valves in the veins
-can cause backflow and pooling of blood in vein
-causes them to stretch or twist

130
Q

How many stages of severity do varicose veins have

A

-5

131
Q

Innervation of ankle and foot

A

-tibial nerve
-deep fibular nerve
-superficial fibular nerve

132
Q

Tibial nerve

A

-supplies intrinsic muscles and skin of plantar surface of foot

133
Q

Deep fibular nerve

A

-supplied muscles and part of the skin on dorsum of foot

134
Q

Superficial fibular nerve

A

-supplies muscles and skin of lower anterior leg and most of skin on dorsum of foot

135
Q

Tibial nerve dysfunction

A

-damage to tibial nerve

136
Q

Tibial nerve dysfunction symptoms

A

-loss of movement or sensation in foot
-burning
-numbness
-tingling
-localized pain to sole of foot and toes
-weakness of muscles that plantar flex

137
Q

How can tibial nerve dysfunction occur

A

-can be caused by direct trauma
-continuous pressure on the nerve
-overuse

ANAT 380 (9 decks)

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