Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BPK 110 > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

describe iodine toxicity?

A

typically due to over supplementation

can promote diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

more severe cases can lead to the swelling of airways, limiting breathing, a lowered heart rate and even coma

can also lead to iodine induced hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe iron toxicity ?

A

very toxic at high levels

can be caused bvery toxic at high levels

can be caused by over supplementation

can lead to nausea, vomiting, constipation, fairness, reduced zinc absorption and bioavailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are minerals divided ?

A

major minerals: required in higher amounts from diet

minor/trace minerals: required in lower amounts from diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how can copper deficiency negatively impact the body?

A

iron absorption, promoting iron deficiency anemia

symptoms include tremors, tingling sensations, awkward walking patterns, numbness and fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how can selenium deficiency affect the body ?

A

increases risk of male infertility, muscle weakness, fatigue, hair loss, and a weakened immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how common is iodine deficiency ?

A

affects around 2 billion people worldwide

25% of which experience clinical symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how do the indigenous view living things? why are minerals considered living things?

A

anything that has a spirit can be a living thing even something as static as a rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does iodine deficiency affect the body?

A

compromises thyroid glands ability to make thyroid hormones

in adults this can lead to the formation of a goiter

in infants this can lead to congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (increases risk of mental deficiencies, deaf mutism, difficulties with muscular control and slowed growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does magnesium toxicity develop?

A

typically due to over supplementation, laxative and antacid use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does sodium contribute to fluid balance ?

A

water moves across a semi-permeable membrane to equal out concentration differences. for example, if there is a lot of sodium on one side of a membrane compared to the other side, water will move towards that sodium to even out this difference in concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how many canadians are well below the RDA of copper ?

A

about 25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

iron deficiency anemia is more common in what kind of people?

A

vegetarians, women, athletes, pregnant women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are glucosinolates ?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are minerals?

A

elements that form solid compounds and that are not bound to carbon (inorganic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are oxalates?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair calcium, and iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are phytates?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair iron, zinc absorption

can be reduced by soaking certain foods overnight (soaking beans) or fermenting foods (sourdough bread)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are some examples of basic organic elements?

A

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some examples of major minerals?

A

sodium, magnesium, potassium calcsodium, magnesium, potassium calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some examples of minor minerals?

A

fluorine, selenium, maganese, iron, copper, zinc, iodine, molybdenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some magnesium special uses ?

A

popular dietary supplement : daily supplementation of 600mg may help reduce migraine headaches

has also been studied for role in promoting heart health, managing blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some sources of calcium?

A

dairy products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are tannins ?

A

compounds found in plants that can negatively affect bioavailability

impair iron absoprtion

may have disease-reducing effects (anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti inflammatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 stages of iron deficiency ?

A

mild: low iron levels in blood, bone marrow

marginal: levels in liver, muscle spleen also depleted

iron deficiency anemia: levels in red blood cells also depleted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the D.A.S.H. eating plan limits ?

A

red meats, sweet, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
what are the key functions of calcium?
nerve signalling, key intracellular messenger required for muscle and heart contraction, gland secretion 99% of body calcium in stored in bones and teeth (promotes their structural integrity )
22
what are the magnesium deficiency symptoms ?
loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness can progress to cramping, numbness, tingling or heart irregularities, and seizures
23
what are the main sources of chloride for the body?
table salt, sodium chloride
24
what are the main sources of iodine ?
iodized salt**** shellfish, dairy, lentils, greens
25
what are the mineral recommendations ?
consume adequate amounts of minerals to reduce risk of deficiency avoid over supplementation of minerals to avoid toxicity certain conditionconsume adequate amounts of minerals to reduce risk of deficiency avoid over supplementation of minerals to avoid toxicity certain conditions increase the risk for mineral deficiency and toxicity. health care practitioners can be consulted to avoid this risk
26
what are the risk factors of hypertension?
age, african heritage, family history, kidney disease, diabetes, obesity, physical, inactivity, stress, alcohol use, tobacco smoke
27
what are the roles of selenium ?
roles in reproduction production and metabolism of the thyroid hormones, DNA synthesis essential component of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase
28
what are the roles of zinc?
gene expression, immune function, protein and DNA synthesis, wound healing, growth, development
29
what are the sources of selenium?
grains, plants, chicken, shellfish, eggs content in plant foods varies depending on soil quality
30
what are the sources of sodium?
- naturally found in food - added during food prep - added at table - supplements and tap water - processed foods
31
what are the special uses of copper?
- magnetic bracelets often contain copper - are marketed as a treatment for arthritic pain - also been studied for role in CVD and alzheimer’s prevention
32
what are the special uses of selenium?
has been studied for potential to reduce CVD risk ( higher blood selenium levels reduce risk of CVD) also studied for potential to reduce cancer risk (higher blood selenium reduces risk of breast, lung, colon and prostate cancer)
33
what are the symptoms of iron deficiency ?
lethargy, tiredness, weakness, hair loss, pale skin can progress to an irregular heartbeat and delayed growth in infants and children
34
what are the symptoms of copper toxicity?
vomiting, diarrhea, yellowing of skin, muscle pain can progress to liver damage, heart failure, kidney failure and even death
35
what are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness can progress to cramping, numbers, tingling, or heart irregularities, and seizures
36
what are the symptoms of magnesium toxicity?
diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramping
37
what are the symptoms of potassium deficiency ?
typically has no symptoms may promote tiredness, weakness, cramps can progress to irregular heart rhythm, cardiac arrest which is typically due to excessive vomiting and diarrhea
38
what can calcium toxicity lead to?
minor increases are typically asymptomatic chronically elevated levels can lead to abdominal/bone pain, mental confusion, calcification, hardening of tissues
39
what can copper toxicity be due to?
over supplementation and genetic conditions
40
what can phosphorous deficiency lead to ?
since abundant in foods deficiency is rare, can lead to osteoporosis, seizures, coma, anorexia, muscle weakness, anemia and increased risk of infection.
41
what can phosphorous toxicity lead to ?
may lead to calcification of tissues
42
what can selenium poisoning promote ?
due to over supplementation can promote neurological symptoms, breathing problems, kidney failure, heart attack, and even death
43
what can selenium toxicity lead to ?
increased risk of hair loss, nail discoloration, muscle and joint pain, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms
44
what does calcium deficiency cause?
negatively affects our ability to achieve peak bone mass increases risk for osteoporosis
45
what does D.A.S.H. eating plan emphasize ?
whole foods, particularly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, poultry, fish and nuts in high in fibre, potassium, magnesium, calcium
46
what does D.A.S.H. stand for?
dietary approaches to stop hypertension
47
what does mineral content of plants and animals depend on?
plants: soil animals: what they eat
48
what does zinc deficiency promote?
slowed growth, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, thinning hair, impairedness
49
what happens when calcium levels are too high ?
calcitonin is released opposes actions of PTH (impairs osteoclast activity, promoting calcium excretion )
50
what happens when calcium levels drop ?
parathyroid hormone is released activates osteoclast activity
51
what is bioavailability?
availability in food as well as its propensity to be absorbed and available for use within the body
52
what is chlorine deficiency typically due to?
respiratory issues, vomiting, kidney malfunction can promote weakness, difficulty breather, diarrhea, vomiting
53
what is chlorine toxicity typically due to ?
typically due to irregular fluid balance can promote tiredness, muscle weakness
54
what is copper’s use in the human body?
involved in red blood cell synthesis and iron absorption cofactor for many enzymes
55
what is heme iron?
form of iron found in animal products more bioavailability
56
what is hemochromatosis?
rare genetic condition that causes irregular iron absorption, which can lead to an increased risk of toxicity
57
what is hepcidin?
the body’s iron regulatory hormone that is responsible for keeping iron stores in balance
58
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure
59
what is hyponatremia?
sodium deficiency typically caused by excessive vomiting, sweating, diarrhea symptoms include nausea, vomiting, irritability, fatigue, loss of appetite, confusion, muscle weakness, spasm can progress to loss of consciousness and coma
60
what is iodine essential for ?
essential component of thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
61
what is iron critical for in the body?
critical for formation of hemoglobin and myoglobin vital for oxygen transport
62
what is molybdenum responsible for ?
cofactor for enzymatic reactions helps to break down sulfites, which can promote allergic reactions, diarrhea, breathing difficulties
63
what is non-heme iron?
form of iron mainly found in plant products less bioavailability
64
what is potassium tocxicity due to and what does it promote?
due to impaired kidney fdue to impaired kidney function may promote muscle weakness, heart irregularities, paralysis
65
what is sodium toxicity typically due to?
excessive loss of body water, which concentrates sodium symptoms include thirst, weakness, nausea, and loss of appetite can progress to confusion, muscle twitching, and brain hemorrhages
66
what is sulfur responsible for in the body?
critical for synthesis of amino acids methionine and cysteine, which contain sulfur and contribute to protein folding needed for the formation of the antioxidant glutathione peroxidase
67
what is the D.A.S.H. equation?
D.A.S.H. eating plan + sodium reduction = significant reduction in blood pressure
68
what is the function of manganese in the human body?
cofactor for several enzymes facilitates energy metabolism, bone development, wound healing also a part of antioxidant superoxide dismutase
69
what is the main function of chloride?
functions as an electrolyte becomes negatively charged ion chloride maintains water balance is part of HCL
70
what is the main function of magnesium in the body ?
cofactor for more than 600 enzymes involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA structure, brain development, heart health, bone density
71
what is the main role of potassium as an electrolyte?
main cation of the intracellular space also contributes to fluid balance
72
what is the most abundant mineral in the human body and nature?
calcium ex: limestone, chalk, pearls
73
what is the most common dietary deficiencies ?
iron deficiency can lead to iron deficiency anemia
74
what is the second most abundant mineral in the body and where is it found?
phosphorus found within hydroxyapatite (crystal that contains both calcium and phosphorus )
75
what is the third most abundant mineral in the body?
sulfur
76
what is the upper level for iron toxicity?
60mg/kg even one dose too high can lead to iron poisoning
77
what is water fluoridation ?
“greatest public health achievements of the 20th century” reduces risk of tooth decay by 35%
78
what is zinc toxicity typically due to? what are the symptoms ?
over supplementation can promote nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth, loss of appetite, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and headaches
79
what makes sodium a key electrolyte?
it is the primary cation of the extracellular space. in water, electrolyte become charged ions that leads to the creation of an electrical current
80
what sources increase bioavailability?
vitamin C promotes iron absorption
81
what sources negatively affect bioavailability?
oxalates, phytates, tannins, caffeine, and calcium
82
where is manganese most abundant ?
shellfish and plants
83
who does sulfur deficiency affect the most?
those who dont consume sufficient protein may contribute to protein-energy malnutrition in those who are inadequate
84
why are many people against water fluoridation ?
- cost - ability to get fluoride from toothpaste treatments - not wanting to tamper with water supply - increased risk of fluorosis
85
why is fluoride important for the body ?
typically not essential since not required for growth or to sustain life, however important for the formation of flurapatite crystals to mineralize teeth and strengthen enamel

BPK 110 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions