Module 9

Question 1

a high dose of niacin can lead to what?

Answer 1

niacin toxicity = niacin flush

flushing, itching, burning of skin
may also lead to low blood pressure, fatigue, insulin resistance

Question 2

describe B7 Biotin toxicity?

Answer 2

rare

over supplementation

Question 3

describe biotin deficiency ?

Answer 3

rare

may occur with a genetic disorder called biotinidase deficiency (hair loss, red eyes, rashes, can progress to seizures, depression and muscle disorders)

Question 4

describe folate deficiency ?

Answer 4

deficiency during pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects

can cause birth defects such as spinal bifida and anencephaly

Question 5

describe folate deficiency ?

Answer 5

can lead to megaloblastic anemia
(red blood cells are immature, large, misshapen and unable to properly carry oxygen)
—> symptoms include tiredness, weakeness, heart irregularities

potential link to autism

Question 6

describe folate toxicity?

Answer 6

rare

may promote nausea, bloating, decreased appetite, and difficulty sleeping

Question 7

describe vitamin A deficiency ?

Answer 7

rare in north america, common in developing countries

can lead to xerothalmia (abnormal dryness of the eye that affects the body’s ability to form tears)

can also lead to night blindness

Question 8

describe vitamin A toxicity?

Answer 8

carotenoids may turn skin slightly orange, but otherwise have no toxicity symptoms

preformed vitamin A toxicity can have serious side effects such as elevated pressure around the brain, dizziness, nausea, headaches, and can be fatal

Question 9

describe vitamin C deficiency and toxicity?

Answer 9

rare

can lead to scurvy (characterized by bleeding gums, fatigue, poor collagen formation)

toxicity = rare
>2000 mg/d can promote gastrointestinal symptoms

Question 10

describe vitamin D deficiency ?

Answer 10

very common

due to inadequate dietary consumption, limited sun exposure

in children can promote rickets
in adults can lead to osteomalacia (softening of bones that can lead to osteoporosis)

Question 11

describe vitamin D toxicity?

Answer 11

toxicity from food is rare, typically due to over supplementation
can promote anorexia, weight loss, increased urination, irregular heart rhythms
can also increase blood calcium

Question 12

describe vitamin E deficiency ?

Answer 12

rare

typically due to compromised fat absorption

symptoms may include peripheral neuropathy, movement difficulties, muscle disorders and an impaired immune response

Question 13

describe vitamin E toxicity?

Answer 13

due to over-supplementation

increases mortality rate
has been linked to lung illnesses in those that vape

Question 14

describe vitamin k deficiency ?

Answer 14

rare

except in newborns, those with compromised absorption, those who overuse antibiotics

can lead to excessive bleeding, hemorrhaging

Question 15

explain vitamin b6 deficiency ?

Answer 15

rare

typically in combination with other B vitamin deficiencies

pronounced cases can lead to micro cystic anemia (can promote fatigue and lethargy

Question 16

explain vitamin B6 toxicity?

Answer 16

rare

typically due to over supplementation (>1000 mg/d)

can promote loss of control over body movements

Question 17

how are preformed vitamin A found?

Answer 17

retinol and retinal ester found in animal products

Question 18

how are vitamin infused beverages poorly informative?

Answer 18

• make vague promises based on vitamin provision
• regulated as natural health products so they do not have to have nutrient facts box
• may have a lot of added sugar
• typically contain water soluble vitamins that are much less likely to be deficient in the diet

Question 19

vitamin a special uses ?

Answer 19

promotes skin health by switching on the genes that cause immature skin cells to become mature and healthy

many skin care products contain retinoids

Question 20

what are b vitamins?

Answer 20

a group of 8 vitamins that act as coenzymes for energy metabolism

plants and animals naturally contain b vitamins and they are also fortified in foods

Question 21

what are b12 sources ?

Answer 21

found only in animal products with the exception of nutrition yeast

supplementations recommended for vegans and vegetarians

Question 22

what are examples of fat solute vitamins ?

Answer 22

vitamins a d e and k

Question 23

what are examples of water soluble vitamins?

Answer 23

vitamins b and c

Question 24

what are some sources of riboflavin?

Answer 24

chicken, almonds, celery, eggs, mushrooms, milk

Question 25

what are the functions of vitamin A?

Answer 25

- gene expression - immune function - carotenoid form functions as an antioxidant

Question 26

what are the sources of vitamin A?

Answer 26

preformed vitamin A is found in animal products provitamin A is found in plant products

Question 27

what are the sources of vitamin D?

Answer 27

fish, dairy products, mushrooms, sunlight

Question 28

what are the special uses of Vitamin B7 Biotin?

Answer 28

sold to improve hair, nail, and skin health

Question 29

what are the vitamin recommendations to meet vitamin needs?

Answer 29

- consume a variety of foods - supplements can help meet needs but should be taken with caution - supplementation recommended for those on a full or partial plant-based diet - inform doctors and pharmacists of vitamin supplementation as some can interact with certain medications

Question 30

what are vitamin A’s ?

Answer 30

retinoids

Question 31

what are vitamin B6 special uses?

Answer 31

- improving cognitive function - reducing CVD risk - Reducing PMS symptoms - reducing vomiting and nausea in pregnancy

Question 32

what are vitamin C special uses?

Answer 32

immune system effects - vitamin C supports the proper function of the immune system - may lower risk of developing colds if taken before they occur chronic disease prevention - potential reduction of cancer and CVD risk

Question 33

what are vitamins?

Answer 33

organic micronutrients that facilitate body processes can be fat soluble or water soluble

Question 34

what can cause riboflavin deficiency ?

Answer 34

more common in vegetarians hormonal abnormalities may promote it

Question 35

what can niacin deficiency cause?

Answer 35

pellagra 4D’s of pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Question 36

what can riboflavin deficiency lead to?

Answer 36

ariboflavinosis skin disorders, welling in the mouth and throat, dry and cracked lips, red eyes and hair loss

Question 37

what can vitamin b12 deficiency lead to?

Answer 37

megaloblastic anemia can also promote balance issues, depression, poor memory, confusions toxicity is rare

Question 38

what factors can negatively affect b12 absorption ?

Answer 38

factors that negatively affect the stomach can compromise the release of intrinsic factor , negatively affecting B12 absoprtion More common in older adults

Question 39

what is beri beri and what can cause it?

Answer 39

wet beri beri: negatively impacts the cardiovascular system and can lead to heart failure. dry beri beri: negatively impacts the nervous and muscular systems, potentionally leading to muscle paralysis associated with malnutrition can be caused by thiamine deficiency

Question 40

what is thiamine deficiency ?

Answer 40

can promote neuronal death typically associated with alcoholism can lead to wernicke/korsakoff syndrome (short term memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and changes in eye movements)

Question 41

what is vitamin B12 cobalamin?

Answer 41

collectively known as cobalamins required for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation and brain function also acts as coenzyme for conversion of homocysteine to methionine

Question 42

what is vitamin b2?

Answer 42

riboflavin helps form 2 important coenzymes. flavin ,ononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucloetide

Question 43

what is vitamin B3?

Answer 43

Niacin forms the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) —> electron transporter required for electron transport train

Question 44

what is vitamin B5?

Answer 44

pantothenic acid helps form coenzyme A deficiency and toxicity are rare sources: everywhere

Question 45

what is vitamin B6?

Answer 45

Pyridoxine = generic name for 6 vitamers acts as coenzymes in more than 100 reactions helps form neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 46

what is vitamin B7?

Answer 46

biotin generic name for 5 vitamers that function as coenzymes involved in energy metabolism, cell-signaling, DNA structure and function

Question 47

what is vitamin B9 folate/folic acid?

Answer 47

folate: basic form of food folic acid: acids form of supplements coenzyme in DNA/RMA synthesis, amino acids metabolism

Question 48

what is vitamin C ?

Answer 48

ascorbic acid critical for collagen formation also involved in protein metabolism and iron absoprtion

Question 49

what is vitamin D?

Answer 49

generic name fora group of compounds including vitamin D3 and vitamin D3 main role is maintaining calcium homeostasis also plays a role in cellular growth, immune function and the reduction of inflammation

Question 50

what is vitamin E?

Answer 50

generic term for 8 vitamins exerts its main functions through its antioxidant role also involved in immune function, cell signalling

Question 51

what is vitamin K?

Answer 51

coagulation (blood clotting) prothrombin synthesis is dependant on a vitamin K coenzyme needed for the pathway that leads to the formation of sticky fibrin fibres which help red blood cells clump together

Question 52

what is warfarin ?

Answer 52

anticoagulant (blood thinner) that blocks the vitamin K dependant coagulation pathway “rather than poison”

Question 53

what role does vitamin b1 thiamine play ?

Answer 53

muscular contraction, nerve conduction and is required for ATP synthesis also part of the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate required for the citric acid cycle

Question 54

where are provitamin A’s found?

Answer 54

found in plants and its vitaminers are collectively known as carotenoids