Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BPK 110 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are triglycerides?

A
  • main dietary lipids
  • contains a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids attached to it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are all fatty acids the same?

A

No, fatty acids can differ in length, degree of saturation and geometric organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

does not contain any double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

one or more double bonds

monounsaturated fatty acids - one double bond
polyunsaturated fatty acids - more then one double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are essential fatty acids?

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids with a double bond before the 9th position

body cannot make itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A

omega 3 and omega 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is alpha-linolenic acid?

A
  • omega 3 fatty acids
  • can be used to synthesize other omega 3 fatty acids DHA and EPA
  • found in chia and flax seeds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is linoleic acid?

A
  • omega 6 fatty acids
  • can be used to synthesize another omega 6 fatty acid arachidonic acid
  • found in soybeans, corn and vegetable oil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

hormone like molecules that are synthesized from omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What properties do omega 3 fatty acids have?

A

anti-inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What properties do omega 6 fatty acids have?

A

pro-inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different lengths of fatty acids?

A

long chain - 14 or more carbon atoms
medium chain - 6-12 carbon atoms
short chain - 2-4 carbon atoms

most fatty acids we consume have 18-22 carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What food is categorized in long chain?

A

animal products, some plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What food is categorized in medium chain?

A

tropical oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What food is categorized in small chain?

A

bacteria when they ferment indigestible carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cis configuration of a fatty acid?

A

hydrogen are on the same side of the double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the trans configuration of a fatty acid?

A

hydrogens are on the opposite of the double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

converting cis fatty acids into trans fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of hydrogenation?

A

trans fatty acids are more stable therefore have a longer shelf life

but they increase risk of CVD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are Sterols?

A
  • ring formation made up of a hydrocarbon chain
  • can be consumed from both plant and animal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

All lipids are what?

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some roles of sterols?

A

cell membrane structure, hormone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common animal-derived sterols?

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

cell membrane structure, precursor for vitamin D, estrogen and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Is cholesterol an essential nutrient?
No because liver and other body structures can synthesize cholesterol
26
What foods are plant-derived sterols found in?
vegetable oils, buts, seeds, fruits
27
What are plant-derived sterols?
slightly different molecular structure then animal-derived sterols
28
What happens when we consume plant sterols?
it competes with cholesterol which limits absorption
29
What are phospholipids?
critical component of the cell membrane, not an essential nutrient
30
What are the similarities and differences of phospholipids and triglyceride?
similarities - both have fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone differences - triglyceride has three fatty acids while phospholipids have two fatty acids - triglyceride are entirely hydrophobic while phospholipids only have a hydrophobic tail
31
What does amphiphilic mean?
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic end
32
What are the functions of the phospholipid bilayer?
- allows water content inside the cell to be separated with water on the outside - can act as an emulsifier - carry lipids around the body
33
What can pass through the membrane?
water and non polar substances like fats
34
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, and K
35
Can triglycerides be absorbed?
Triglycerides cannot be absorbed as ingested but must first be broken into fatty acids and their glycerol backbone
36
What are the steps of lipid digestion?
1. mouth - lingual lipase chemically digests medium and short chain fatty acids, mechanical digestion separates lipids 2. stomach - gastric lipase digests medium and short chain fatty acids 3. liver - bile is produced and secreted 4. gallbladder - bile is stored 5. pancreas - secretes pancreatic lipase 6. small intestine - majority of lipid digestion, bile emulsifies lipids, pancreatic lipase digests remaining lipase 7. large intestine - minimal lipid digestion and absorption
37
What are the steps of lipid absorption?
1. the micelle breaks down and its lipid contents are absorbed into the small intestine cells through passive diffusion 2. lipids get wrapped in phospholipids as they exit the small intestine cell and enter the centre of the villus. the resulting structure is called a chylomicron 3. chylomicrons are too large to enter the blood instead they enter lacteals
38
What is the main purpose of a lipoprotein?
to carry lipids around the body
39
What is required to transport lipids?
lipoprotein molecules
40
What is the benefit of a hydrophobic nature of lipids?
incapable of dissolving in watery environments of the small intestine lumen, blood and lymph
41
What happens when there are more lipids in the lipoprotein?
less dense
42
What is the transport of chylomicron?
small intestine villus --> lymph --> blood --> body cells --> liver
43
What is the transport of very low density lipoprotien (VLDL)
made in liver --> body cells --> becomes LDL as it losses triglycerides
44
What is the transport of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
from VLDL --> delivers cholesterol to body cells or returns to the liver or gets deposited in artery walls
45
What is the transport of high density lipoprotein (HDL)
made in liver --> picks up cholesterol from body cells --> returns it to the liver
46
What are the steps of Lipoproteins transport and deliver lipids?
1. Chylomicrons transport lipids between the small intestine and liver 2. They are absorbed into lacteals, one way lymphatic vessels found within the villi 3. Once chylomicrons are deposited into the bloodstream from the lymphatic vessels, they circulate through the body dropping off lipids to body tissues 4. Remaining chylomicrons end up at the liver
47
What is the main triglyceride delivery system from the liver?
VLDL
48
What are the contents of HDL?
high in protein and lower lipid content
49
How much energy do lipids provide?
9 kcal/gram
50
What is the main lipid we use for energy?
triglyceride
51
How does carb diet affect metabolism of triglycerides?
Adequate diet = citric acid cycle Inadequate = ketones are formed
52
Where is extra energy stored as lipids?
adipose tissue delivered by chylomicrons
53
How are fat soluble vitamins transported?
since they are hydrophobic, they require a lipoprotein for their transport and are stored in adipose tissue
54
What is atherosclerosis?
the narrowing of the artery
55
What causes atherosclerosis?
fatty materials building up in artery walls narrowing the arteries and restricting blood flow
56
What are the impacts of trans fatty acids?
increase risk of CVD, ratio of LDL to HDL
57
What are the impacts of diets that are high in saturated fats?
increase LDL --> increases CVD risk = lipid hypothesis
58
What are the contents of LDL?
fewer triglycerides and is higher in cholesterol
59
What are the contents of VLDL?
mainly triglycerides
60
What are the impacts of diets that are high in polyunsaturated fatty acids?
decrease LDL --> decrease CVD risk
61
What hormone does essential fatty acids synthesize?
eicosanoids
62
What are the impacts of diets that are high in cholesterol?
has minimal effect on increasing LDL and CVD risk the body makes less cholesterol when more is consumed, LDL levels don't rise
63
What are the complications of a diet that is high in cholesterol?
25-30% of people are cholesterol hyperresponders meaning their LDL goes up when more is consumed
64
What are the impacts of diets that are high in plant sterols?
reduce LDL levels by competing with cholesterol for absorption
65
What are the recommendations for lipids?
- 20-35% of calories come from lipids (higher in children) - consume lipids from whole sources - eliminate artificial trans fat, minimizing processed food - unsaturated fat over saturated fat, more plants then animals - consume fish, nuts, vegetable oils to get adequate amount of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids
66
What is the path for lipids?
1. Chylomicrons are the lipoproteins that deliver triglycerides from the small intestine 2. Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols 3. The remaining chylomicrons are sent back to the liver 4. VLDL is created in the liver and is the main delivery system of triglycerides 5. Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides and is released to cells 6. VLDL becomes smaller losing more triglycerides and eventually becomes LDL which is the main delivery system of cholesterol 7. Three potential fates of LDL 1. LDL is used up by other cells 2. LDL returns to the liver 3. LDL is oxidized, can lead to narrowing of artery 8. Liver can also make HDL which picks up cholesterol and returns it to the liver

BPK 110 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions