Module 4 Flashcards
1
Q
qqDigestion primarily occurs in what part of the digestive tract?
A
mucosa
2
Q
For who is the risk for diverticulitis higher?
A
older, obese, smokers and physically inactive
3
Q
How do we classify a prebiotic?
A
must be able to make it past the acidic stomach environment, be fermented by intestinal microbiota and change the activity of the microbiota in a beneficial way
4
Q
How does churning occur?
A
innermost layer of diagonally oriented smooth muscle allows for the stomach walls to contract in varying patterns around its contents
5
Q
How does diet alter the composition of the microbiome?
A
processed foods high in refined carbohydrates can negatively affect the diversity.
diets high in fibre have been shown to improve the equilibrium of gut microbiome and reduce risk of obesity
6
Q
How does gastroesophageal reflux or acid reflux occur?
A
lower esophageal sphincter weakens over time. stomach acid can spill upward into esophagus resulting in a burning feeling.
7
Q
How does leftover material move through the large intestine?
A
through peristalsis and segmentation which breaks material into smaller components while mixing it with digestive juices.
8
Q
How does mucus helps the stomach?
A
provides lubrication and a medium in which chemical reactions can occur.
provides protective layer that stops stomach acid and juices from damaging stomach wall
9
Q
How is HCL used for digestion?
A
highly corrosive acid, helps unravel proteins, exposing sites where enzymes can further break them down
10
Q
How is the large intestine divided?
A
cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons
11
Q
How long does food remain in the stomach?
A
4-5 hours
12
Q
How long does it take for material to pass through entire digestive tract?
A
2 or more days
13
Q
How long is the small intestine?
A
about 6m
14
Q
How to aid acid reflux?
A
weight loss, elevating head of bed, decreasing tobacco, alcohol, chocolate, large meals, spicy foods, and high fat meals
15
Q
If immediate energy is needed, how does the liver help?
A
absorbs sugars such as fructose. if liver glycogen levels are low, can also store lacoste in form of glycogen until stores are full
16
Q
If the diet is excessively low in carbohydrates, what happens to lipids?
A
lipids will primarily be metabolized to form ketones
17
Q
In order to be absorbed, polysaccharides muscle be broken down into what?
A
Sugars : glucose, monosaccharides
18
Q
In the small intestine, larger lipids are absorbed into what?
A
vessels called lacteals
19
Q
Instead of being absorbed into the absorptive vessels along with almost all other nutrient subunits, where are larger lipids and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed into ?
A
lacteal (lymphatic vessel)
20
Q
Is energy required for the absorption of glucose?
A
yes
21
Q
Is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA an anaerobic or aerobic process ?
A
aerobic
22
Q
Once carbohydrates are absorbed, what is the first organ they encounter?
A
the liver
23
Q
Once food is chewed and mixed w saliva what does it form?
A
uniform cohesive structure called a bolus
24
Q
Prebiotics are typically what length?
A
medium length carbohydrates
25
What 2 enzymes does saliva contain ?
salivary amylase: digests amylose (starch)
lingual lipase: digests lipids
26
What are condensation reactions?
combine molecules by liberating a water molecule
27
What are crypts. what do they allow? secrete?
invaginations on stomach wall. allows more stomach cells to be involved w digestion.
some crypts secrete hydrochloride acid, pepsinogen and mucus (also known as gastric juice)
28
What are diverticula?
weakened dtw leading to formation of outpouchings
29
What are enterocytes?
small intestine cells. helps increase total surface area
30
What are enzymes?
allow reactions to occur quick enough to meet the body’s needs.
31
What are gallstones?
hardened bile deposits that accumulate in the gallbladder or bile duct
32
What are hormone?
chemical messengers required for many physiological processes.
released from one area of the body and travel through the blood to different parts of the body
33
What are lymphatic vessels?
one way tubes filled with a watery non blood liquid that removes material from tissues.
34
What are peptic ulcers?
esophagus, stomach, or small intestine ulcers
35
What are prebiotics?
not living organisms. act as food for microbiome and supports its function
36
What are probiotics found to prevent?
antibiotic associated diarrhea, travellers diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, infant colic, and a type of colitis
37
What are probiotics?
cultures of living organisms, typically bacteria
38
What are risk factors for gallstones?
female, use of estrogen containing contraceptives, obesity, rapid weight loss, physically inactivity
diets higher in simple sugars, saturated fat and energy intake
39
What are sphincters?
found between certain organs, they regulate passage from one organ to the next.
composed of circular muscle that contracts to close opening and relaxes to open them.
40
What are symptoms of diverticulitis?
abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting, change in bowel habits, rectal bleeding
41
What are the 2 main types of prebiotics?
fructose-ogligosaccharides and galactose-ogliosacchaides
42
What are the 2 types of digestion?
mechanical/physical: uses physical process such as chewing to break food apart
chemical digestion: uses enzymes to alter the chemical structure of nutrients
43
What are the 3 main divisions of the small intestine? how long are each?
duodenum- 25 cm
jejunum- 2m
ileum- 3m
44
What are the 3 main salivary glands in the mouth ?
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
45
What are the accessory structures of the digestive tract?
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
46
What are the functions of the pancreas?
blood-glucose regulating function : due to production and secretion of hormones insulin and glucagon, these secretions are released into bloodstream. (endocrine function)
pancreas secretions that are deposited into digestive tract are part of exocrine function (pancreatic juice)
47
What are the cells of the small intestines called?
enterocytes
48
What are the main layers of the the digestive tract wall?
(inside out) lumen->mucosa->submucosa-> muscular is-> serosa
49
What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?
persistent abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation
50
What are the symptoms of IBS?
abdominal pain, bloating, cramping, diarrhea, constipation and flatulence
51
What are ulcers?
open stored that can occur along the lining of a body structure.
can occur at multiple points of the digestive tract
caused by weakening of mucosal layer of dtw
52
What chemical digestion occurs in the stomach?
protein digestion
mixing food w enzymes
53
What digestive cancer has the highest mortality rate?
colorectal cancer (colon or rectum)
reduced risk through physical activity, weight management and dietary modification
54
What do amino acids look like?
21 amino acids
amine group connected to a unique side chain
55
What does a triglyceride look like?
3 fatty acids attacked to a glycerol back bone resembling a jellyfish!!
56
What does microbiome refer to ?
different genetic material found in our body due to presence of microorganisms such as bacteria
57
What does the suffix -ase denote
What prefix’s are normally used along w?
enzyme
prefix tellers us which substrate it acts on
(“sucrase” breaks down sucrose)
58
What factors can affect transit times?
age, activity levels, diet, gender, medication use, infection
59
What foods can cause IBS?
1. fatty foods
2. caffeine
3. alcohol
4. carbonated drinks
5. spicy foods
6. gluten
7. articulated sweeteners
60
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
input of water helps to break down the molecule
61
What is a micelle?
lipid group with a ring of bile salts around it
62
What is active transport?
in addition to protein transporter, movement against concentration gradient requires energy.
amino acids and glucose
low to high
63
What is anabolism?
metabolism of smaller molecules coming together to make larger ones.
requires net input of energy
64
What is bicarbonate?
buffer that neutralizes chyme, making it less acidic and more conductive to physiological processes
65
What is bile?
lipid emulsifier. salts have a hydrophilic head ad hydrophobic tail. is arranged around lipid groups
66
What is cancer?
involves uncontrolled multiplication and spread of cells
67
What is catabolism?
breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones. release energy
68
What is chemical digestion?
uses enzymes to alter the chemical structure of nutrients and reduces them to their building blocks
69
What is chyme?
semiliquid substance that leaves stomach. (from bolus)
70
What is constipation?
bowel movements that are difficult to pass or less frequent.
typically dry hard and painful stools
symptoms: abdominal pain and bloating
71
What is diarrhea?
matter passes too quickly through the large intestine, causing loose, liquid like stool
main causes: bacterial and viral infections
protective mechanism to expel infectious agents
72
What is digestion ?
separation of nutrients in food and breaks larger molecules into smaller ones so they can be absorbed.
polysaccharides->sugars
triglycerides-> fatty acids
proteins-> amino acids
73
What is diverticulitis?
inflamed outpouchings
74
What is diverticulosis?
bleeding diverticula
condition where outpouchings (diverticula) of the large intestine become inflamed and bleed
75
What is emulsification ?
process that allows hydrophobic lipids to be suspended in a watery environment. bile salts are required for this process
76
What is facilitated diffusion?
certain sugars that require a proteincertain sugars that require a proten transporter pass from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
absorptive
high to low
77
What is gastric lipase?
enzyme that continues the break down of lipids that lingual lipase began in the mouth
78
What is glycolysis?
first step of cellular respiration
6 carbon broken down into 2 carbfirst step of cellular respiration
6 carbon broken down into 2 molecules of 3carbon pyruvate
energy released (2 ATP)
anaerobic
79
What is hemorrhoids?
swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus, which can be causeswollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus, which can be caused by:
1. chronic constipation
2. chronic diarrhea
3. prolonged sitting
4. low fibre diet
5. obesity
6. pregnancy
7. heavy lifting
8. aging
9. anal intercourse
10. genetics
80
What is lysozyme? Where is it found?
agent that disinfects arterial arriving in our food to help reduce the chances of the entry of an active infectious agent
found in saliva
81
What is mechanical digestion?
physical digestion.
uses physical processes like our teeth chewing and stomach churning to break food apart.
does not alter chemical composition of nutrients
82
What is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
83
What is microbiota?
refers to total composite of microorganisms found in our bodies.
includes viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, but mostly bacteria
84
What is osmosis?
when there is a higher concentration of dissolved particles within villus, water moves into this area to decrease relative concentration
high to low
85
What is pancreatic juice?
contains several digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase)
also contains bicarbonate
86
What is pepsinogen? what happens when HCL acts upon it?
proenzyme that is secreted by certain stomach cells.
only becomes active when acted upon by hcl, converting it into pepsin
87
What is peristalsis?
waves of muscle contraction to move a bolus of food forward.
88
What is simple diffusion?
fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins that do not require a transporter can be absorbed along the spaces between phospholipids in enterocytes cell membrane.
movement from an area of a high concentration to one of a low concentration
high to low
89
What is the brush border?
microvilli border orientated towards lumen
stores certain digestive enzymes such as lactase, sucrase, and maltase
90
What is the chemical digestion of the mouth?
salivary breakdown of lipids and starch
91
What is the digestive tract?
long tube like structure that begins in the mouth and ends in the anus
92
What is the duodenum?
first part of small intestine, has a small opening that receives secretions from accessory structures
93
What is the esophagus?
conduit for food from pharynx to stomach
94
What is the flap that allows food into esophagus ?
epiglottis
95
What is the large intestines main function?
to package waste for easy removal
draws out water and packages waste into solid feces which is easier to excrete
96
What is the lumen?
inner cavity of the small intestine tube.
food and digestive secretions are found here
97
What is the lymphatic system?
network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials.
components:
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic organs
- bone marrow
98
What is the main goal of amino acids?
promote growth and repair tissues
99
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- immune response to identify and fight infections by carrying white blood cells
- fluid balance: collect excess fluid from tissues ad return it to the bloodstream
- absorption of fat: absorbs dietary fats and fat soluble vitamins from digestive system
- waste removal: removes waste products and toxins
100
What is the microbiome?
large variety of non human genetic arterial within our bodies due to presence of these microorganisms
contains about 150x more genes than human DNA
101
What is the mucosa?
inner most layer of dtw that faces the lumen.
secretes mucus which keeps the dt moist and protects it from infection.
plays a critical role in absorption
102
What is the muscularis?
layer of dtw composed of smooth muscle.
responds to movement needs of dt, pushing food forward and helping it mix w digestive secretions
103
What is the pharynx? does absorption happen here?
throat, conduit from mouth to stomach. no further digestion or absportion occurs here
104
What is the primary site of digestion and absoprtion?
small intestine
105
What is the purpose of the enteric nervous system?
communicates with the brain but can also function independently.
helps regulate muscular contractions, messaging and digestive tract secretions
106
What is the serosa?
outermost layer of dtw
consists of a layer of connective tissue tat helps to reduce friction w organs adjacent or helps anchor it into place.
107
What is the submucosa ?
connects the mucosa to themore superficial muscularis layer
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves are found here.
108
What is thee mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth ?
tongue pushes food and helps mix w saliva and water
teeth rip food apart and help break into smaller parts
109
What mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach?
churning
110
What is gastric juice?
mixture of enzymes that contains several substances that facilitate digestion while protecting stomach walls.
111
Whats the role of the liver?
metabolism, detoxmetabolism, detoxification and digestion
production of bile which promotes lipid digestion
112
What sphincter allows chyme to enter the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
113
What sphincter is found between esophagus and stomach?
lower esophageal sphincter
114
When energy intake is higher than energy expenditure what happens to the excess amino acids?
excess amino acids will be converted into lipid and stored in our fat cells
115
When we are not eating, what does the pharynx convey?
air. pharynx opens to the trachea allowing air to flow in and out of lungs
116
Where are prebiotics found?
asparagus, beet suga, garlic, onion, wheat, honey, banana, barley, tomato, rye, soy milk, peas, beans, seaweed
117
Where are probiotics found?
foods such as yogurt, kombucha
118
Where are secretions form pancreas, liver and gallbladder collected?
collected into a common tube that drains into the duodenum
119
Where can ulcers occur ?
1. peptic ulcers occur in the lining of the stomach. (gastric ulcers: lining of stomach, duodenal ulcers: lining of duodenum)
2. esophageal ulcers
3. mouth (canker sores)
4. genitals (can be caused by infections, inflammatory conditions or trauma
5. corneal ulcers (cornea of the eye, caused by infections, injuries, or contact lens use
6. pressure ulcers (bedsores): on skin and underlying tissues over bony areas of the body such as heels, ankles, hips, and tailbone
120
Where do excess amino acids go?
body proteins or converted to lipids for fat storage
121
Where do excess carbohydrates go?
glycogen storage or are converted to lipid for fat storage
122
Where do excess lipids go?
fat storage or other lipid compounds
123
Where do nutrients go if not used or stored in liver?
enters bloodstream then sent throughout body via cardiovascular system
124
Where does lipid metabolism occur?
liver
125
Where does the majority of absorption occur ?
small intestine
126
Where does the majority of digestion occur?
small intestine
127
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder for quick secretion when needed
128
Which parts of the body are capable of removing toxins from the body ?
lungs, kidneys, liver
129
Why do gallstones occur?
overabundance of cholesterol as compared to bile salts in bile
130
Why does the surface of the small intestine look fuzzy to the naked eye?
millions of villi on he membrane
131
Summary of Glucose Metabolism
1. Glycolysis
2. Breakdown of Pyruvate
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain
132
What is the process of Glycolysis?
1 glucose produces 2 pyruvate and ATP, anaerobic
133
What is the breakdown of Pyruvate?
produces acetyl CoA and ATP
Aerobic conditions - acetyl CoA is formed
Anaerobic conditions - pyruvate is formed
134
What is the Citric Acid Cylce?
acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate combine to produce CO2, water and capture of energy in GTP (NADH+H+, FADH2)
135
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
Electrons exchanged between electron transporters, leads to build up of protons on one side of the membrane, protons will move through proton pump called ATP synthase
136
What is Ketogenesis?
Diet is high in fat and very low in carbs, the citric acid cycle requires carbs
137
What is Beta-Oxidation?
Splits the fatty acid two carbon atoms at a time, then each two-carbon molecule can be used to form acetyl CoA
138
What is the equation for cellular respiration of glucose?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
