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bmsc 200 > Module 10: Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Module 10: Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

NAD & FAD are…

A

enzyme co-factors

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2
Q

what are nucleotides & what are they made of?

A

building blocks of nucleic acids
ribose sugar, nitrogenous base & phosphate

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3
Q

what is the cycled form of ribose in nucleotides?

A

beta-D-ribofuranose

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4
Q

how many rings do pyrimidines & purines?

A

pyrimidines: 1 ring
purines: 2 rings

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5
Q

what 3 bases are found in both DNA & RNA?

A

adenine, guanine & cytosine

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6
Q

what base is only found in DNA?

A

Thymine

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7
Q

what base is only found in RNA?

A

Uracil

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8
Q

how do nitrogenous bases link to ribose?

A

though N-glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

what carbon do nitrogenous bases link to?

A

C1

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10
Q

in purines, the N-glycosidic bond is to what position on the nitrogenous base?

A

N9

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11
Q

in pyrimidines, the N-glycosidic bond is to what position on the nitrogenous base?

A

N1

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12
Q

how do nucleotides and nucleosides differ?

A

whether they are phosphorylated at the C5 position

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13
Q

what suffix is used for nucleosides?

A

osine

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14
Q

what suffix is used for nucleotides?

A

late

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15
Q

what is AMP formed by?

A

formed from ATP in a reaction catalyzed by adenylyl cylcase

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16
Q

what do phosphodiester bonds do?

A

join nucleotides in nucleic acids

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17
Q

nucleotides form linear nucleic strands through…

A

3-5 phosphodiester linkages

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18
Q

sickle cell anemia is caused by the…

A

change of 1 nitrogenous base

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19
Q

can RNA adopt 3D structures?

A

yes

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20
Q

what percentage of rRNA is found in ribosomes?

A

80%

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21
Q

what does tRNA do?

A

transport amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

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22
Q

what does mRNA do?

A

code for proteins

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23
Q

what does miRNA do?

A

regulation of gene expression

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24
Q

how long are oligonucleotides?

A

22-24

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25
Q

what idea did Watson & Crick develop?

A

DNA consists of 2 anti-parallel chains in right handed double helical arrangement

26
Q

where are sugar-phosphate backbones and nitrogenous bases on the helix?

A

sugar-phosphates: outside
Nitrogenous bases: inside

27
Q

Adenine pairs with ( )

A

Thymine

28
Q

Guanine pairs with ( )

A

Cytosine

29
Q

what is Chargaffs rule?

A

A + G = T + C

30
Q

In duplex DNA, what the ratio of purines to pyrimidines?

A

of purines = # of pyrimidines

31
Q

what is the hydrophobic effect of the double helix?

A

hides purine & pyrimidine rings inside helix

32
Q

what are stacking interactions?

A

stacked base pairs form van der waals contacts

33
Q

electrostatic repulsion of negatively shared phosphate groups is decreased by…

A

cations (Mg) & cationic proteins

34
Q

how many grooves does a double helix have?

A

2 (major & minor)

35
Q

are grooves in double helix the same length?

A

no

36
Q

what do restriction endonucleases do?

A

recognize & cleave specific DNA sequences

37
Q

what is methylation?

A

when host cells protect their own DNA by covalent modification of bases at the restriction site

38
Q

where do restriction enzymes cut?

A

at palindrome sequences

39
Q

what are restriction enzymes used as?

A

molecular scissors

40
Q

what does RFLP stand for?

A

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

41
Q

what is denaturation?

A

complete separation of double-stranded DNA by heat or chemical agents

42
Q

what is annealing?

A

reforming the double stranded helix to form single strands

43
Q

what is the melting point? (Tm)

A

the temperature at which 1/2 DNA has become single stranded

44
Q

what are the substrates for synthesis?

A

nucleotide triphosphate

45
Q

where are incoming residues added to in DNA?

A

3’ end of the growing strand

46
Q

what is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A

uses heat-stable enzymes to make new DNA

47
Q

what does PCR allow?

A

exponential amplification of short regions of DNA very quickly

48
Q

who discovered PCR?

A

Kary Mullis

49
Q

what is the 1st level of packaging eukaryotic DNA?

A

involves information of nucleosomes

50
Q

Histones are ( ) packaging proteins

A

DNA

51
Q

Nucleosome composed of:

A

2 of each: H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and 146 base pairs of DNA

52
Q

( ) binds to the region of the linked DNA

A

H1

53
Q

how many nucleotides make a codon?

A

3

54
Q

what are introns?

A

non-coding intervening sequences

55
Q

what are plasmids?

A

non-chromosomal DNA

56
Q

what kind of genome does bacteria have?

A

closed, circular genome

57
Q

what shape are eukaryotic chromosomes?

A

linear

58
Q

what are telomeres / where are they found?

A

repeating sequences at the end of chromosomes

59
Q

what are exons?

A

cotton protein-coding information

60
Q

what is an advantage of introns?

A

multiple mRNAs can be generated from 1 gene

61
Q

what modification is used in epigenetics?

A

methylation of cytosine residues

62
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

changes to the genome that do not involve a change in nucleotide sequence

bmsc 200 (10 decks)

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