module 8: lipids

Question 1

what is the defining feature of lipids?

Answer 1

insoluble in water

Question 2

lipids form ( ) rather than polymers

Answer 2

aggregates

Question 3

true or false: lipids have the lowest molecular weight compared to other biomolecules

Answer 3

true

Question 4

how to fatty acids differ?

Answer 4

length & degree saturation

Question 5

what are fatty acids?

Answer 5

hydrocarbon derivatives

Question 6

how many double bonds so saturated & unsaturated fatty acids have?

Answer 6

saturated: 0
unsaturated: 1

Question 7

what configuration are double bonds usually found in?

Answer 7

cis configuration

Question 8

how are double bonds usually separated?

Answer 8

by a methylene group

Question 9

do long chain fatty acids have stronger or weaker associates than short chains?

Answer 9

stronger

Question 10

do saturated chains have stronger or weaker associates than unsaturated chains?

Answer 10

stronger

Question 11

what does the melting temperature of a fatty acid reflect?

Answer 11

length & degree of saturation

Question 12

fatty acids required for energy are stored as?

Answer 12

triacylglycerols

Question 13

lipids occupy most of the ( ) space in ( )

Answer 13

intracellular, adipocytes

Question 14

what are triacylglycerols?

Answer 14

3 fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkages

Question 15

what does the ester linkage remove?

Answer 15

the polar caroboxyl group to make hydrophobic molecule

Question 16

there is ( )x as much energy in lipids than carbohydrates?

Answer 16

6x

Question 17

do triaclyglycerols have lower or higher oxygenation & hydration state than carbohydrates?

Answer 17

lower

Question 18

what is saponification?

Answer 18

fat breaks ester linkages to release free fatty acids

Question 19

what are micelles?

Answer 19

individual wedge-shaped units

Question 20

what does olestra consist of?

Answer 20

8 fatty acids linked to a sugar group

Question 21

what is wax made of?

Answer 21

non-polar esters of long chain fatty acids & long chain monohydroxylic alcohols

Question 22

what is the melting point of wax?

Answer 22

60-100 C

Question 23

what is the function of membranes?

Answer 23

define cells & regulate composition of intracellular environment

Question 24

how are membranes formed?

Answer 24

spontaneous

Question 25

what is the most abundant lipid in membranes?

Answer 25

glyceolphospholipids

Question 26

what is the backbone of glyceolphospholipids?

Answer 26

glycerol with a phosphate at C3 position

Question 27

what is a phosphatidate made of?

Answer 27

glycerol 3-phosphate + 2 fatty acids

Question 28

what is Phosphatidylinositol involved in?

Answer 28

intracellular signal transduction

Question 29

what do plant cells often contain?

Answer 29

glacatolipids

Question 30

what are glacatolipids made of?

Answer 30

1-2 galactose groups linked to a C3 of diacylglycerol

Question 31

what are sphingolipids derived from?

Answer 31

sphingosine

Question 32

what is a sphingosine?

Answer 32

long chain amino alcohol

Question 33

what is a sphingolipid made of?

Answer 33

1 fatty acid is linked by amide bond to bond ceramide

Question 34

what do glycosphingolipids determine?

Answer 34

blood type

Question 35

what do different blood types reflect?

Answer 35

different sugar patterns

Question 36

archaebacteria (extremeophiles) lives under ( ) conditons of temp, pH & ionic strength

Answer 36

high conditons

Question 37

what are steroids made of?

Answer 37

3 six carbon rings and 1 five carbon D-ring

Question 38

what is the main function of cholesterol?

Answer 38

mediating membrane fluidity

Question 39

what does the activation of phospholipase C cause?

Answer 39

the cleavage of head group to produce inositol

Question 40

what are ghost signals?

Answer 40

used as back up to ensure activation

Question 41

what does the polar group of phosphatidylinositols do?

Answer 41

migrates to the ER to release Ca & activate kinases

Question 42

what are eicosnoids?

Answer 42

paracine hormones

Question 43

what are paracrine hormones?

Answer 43

act on cells near point of production

Question 44

function of prostaglandins?

Answer 44

construction of blood vessels & control blood flow

Question 45

what are thromboxnes involved in?

Answer 45

blood clot formation

Question 46

function of leukotrienes

Answer 46

smooth-muscle contractions

Question 47

what are steroids hormones made of?

Answer 47

hydrophobic, non-polar oxidized sterol derivatives

Question 48

what do steroid hormones affect?

Answer 48

gene expression & metabolism

Question 49

what are the 4 lipid vitamins?

Answer 49

A, D, E, K

Question 50

what is the main function of vitamin D?

Answer 50

regulates calcium uptake & deposition

Question 51

what can excessive amounts of vitamin D cause?

Answer 51

calcification of soft tissue

Question 52

what 3 forms are vitamin A formed in?

Answer 52

retinol (alcohol) aldehyde (retinal) retinioc acid

Question 53

what is the name for vitamin E

Answer 53

alpha-tocopherol

Question 54

what does vitamin E do in response to light?

Answer 54

change cis & trans configurations

Question 55

what is Rickets?

Answer 55

insufficient vitamin D associated with skeletal defects, can be reversed

Question 56

function of vitamin K

Answer 56

synthesis of blood coagulation proteins