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BMSC 200 > module 7: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

module 7: Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

how to calculate stereoisomers in chiral carbons?

A

2^n stereoisomers
example) 4 chiral carbons= 2^4=16 stereoisomers

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2
Q

what is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2OH)n

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3
Q

what carbohydrates tend to be cyclized?

A

long carbohydrates (5+ )

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4
Q

what is the result of the formation of cyclized structures?

A

reaction of internal alcohol group with either a aldehyde or ketone

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5
Q

what does an aldehyde + hydroxyl group form?

A

hemiacetal

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6
Q

what does a ketone + hydroxyl group form?

A

hemiketal

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7
Q

what is pyran ring?

A

6 membered sugar

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8
Q

what is a furan ring?

A

5 membered sugar

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9
Q

what does the cyclization of glucose involve?

A

C5 hydroxyl & C1 aldehyde

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10
Q

how many stereoisomers does cyclization produce?

A

2

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11
Q

what are anomeric carbons?

A

the carbon that becomes chiral as a result of cyclization

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12
Q

is A-hydroxyl of anomeric carbon above or below plane of sugar?

A

below

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13
Q

what is mutatoration?

A

interconversion of alpha and beta forms of a sugar

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14
Q

cyclization of fructose into fructofuranose involves which hydroxyl carbon & which carbonyl carbon?

A

C5 hydroxyl and C2 ketone

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15
Q

does fructose exist in both pryan & furan rings?

A

yes

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16
Q

what B-fructopyranse sweet or salty?

A

sweet

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17
Q

what are the 3 sugar derivatives?

A

nitrogen, phosphate & sulphur

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18
Q

what do reducing agents do?

A

defines the end of the sugar with the carbonyl carbon as being the reducing end

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19
Q

what is a glycosidic bond?

A

primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides

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20
Q

what is the reducing end?

A

pre-anomeric carbon at end of polymer

21
Q

higher order carbohydrate structures are generated through…

A

glycosyltransferases

22
Q

glycosyltransferases use ( ) that are activated through linkage with ( )

A

monosaccharides, UDP

23
Q

what suffix does the non-reducing sugar have?

A

osyl

24
Q

what suffix does the reducing sugar have?

A

ose

25
Q

Maltose links ( ) from beta to ( ) to of alpha

A

C4 - C1

26
Q

what is the condensation reaction?

A

release of a water molecule

27
Q

what is lactose made of?

A

B-D-galactopyranosyl (1-4) - A-D-glucopyranose

28
Q

what are homopolysaccharides?

A

polymers containing 1 type of monosaccharide

29
Q

what are heteropolysaccharides

A

polymers containing more than 1 type of monosaccharide

30
Q

how is glucose stored?

A

in polymeric forms

31
Q

unbranched or branched: amylose or amylopectin

A

amylose: unbranched
amylopectin: branched

32
Q

what is amylose?

A

linear polymer of glucose residues through alpha 1-4 bonds

33
Q

what is amylopectin?

A

alpha 1-4 linked glucose residues with alpha 1-6 branch points every 24-30 residues

34
Q

how does glycogen differ from amylopectin?

A

higher frequency of branch points ( every 10 residues)

35
Q

what does greater frequency of branching allow?

A

rapid mobilization

36
Q

what is cellulose made of?

A

linear, homopolysaccharide of glucose residues

37
Q

what is the principal component of hard exoskeletons?

A

chitin

38
Q

what is the difference between cellulose & chitin?

A

hydroxyl group at C2

39
Q

what do beta 1-4 linkages of cellulose & chitin allow?

A

formation of long straight chains

40
Q

how are fibrils formed?

A

parallel chains that are linked through hydrogen bonds

41
Q

what is the function of fibrils?

A

rigid structure & strength

42
Q

what linkages of starch & glycogen form a hollow helical structure?

A

alpha 1-4

43
Q

what is the function of hollow helix?

A

compact & accessible storage structure of glycogen

44
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

proteins with covalently attached sugars

45
Q

what functions do proteoglycans have?

A

nerve structure & lubricating functions

46
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

protein linked to a glycosaminoglycan

47
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates red blood cell production

48
Q

what are higher order carbohydrate structured generated through?

A

the action of glycosyltransferases

BMSC 200 (10 decks)

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