Module 11

Question 0

What does charcot’s triad include?

Answer 0

Intention tremor- when reaching for something their hand shakes
Scanning speech- stop after every syllable
Nystagmus- jumping eyes

Question 1

What is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 1

A chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS characterized by inflammatory plaques that destroy myelin throughout the CNS and is one of the most common neurological diseases affecting young adults.

Question 2

What is the range of the age onset of MS?

Answer 2

15-50

Question 3

What is the genetic influence of MS?

Answer 3

Females 2:1

Question 4

Is MS Genetic or not?

Answer 4

Is genetic

Question 5

What is the prevalence rate of MS?

Answer 5

400,000

Question 6

What is the incidence rate of MS?

Answer 6

10,000

Question 7

Is MS fatal?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

What is the etiology of MS?

Answer 8

Unknown
Genetic susceptibility
Theory: viral-induced autoimmune disease (herpes viruses and chlamydial pneumonia, immune response triggering antigen activation, demyelination and gliosis)

Question 9

What is the geographical distribution of MS?

Answer 9

It occurs with higher frequency in temperate versus tropical climates. Latitudes closer to the equator tend to have lower frequency.

Question 10

What percent of MS Is relapsing/remitting MS (RRMS)

Answer 10

85%

Question 11

What does relapsing/remitting MS eventually turn into?

Answer 11

Secondary- progressive MS (SPMS)

Question 12

What percent of MS is primary-progressive MS (PPMS)?

Answer 12

10%

Question 13

What percent of MS is progressive-relapsing MS (PRMS)?

Answer 13

5%

Question 14

What is relapsing/remitting MS?

Answer 14

Relapses during which time new symptoms can appear and old symptoms resurface or worsen.
relapses followed by periods of remission, during which time full of partial recovery from deficits acquired during the relapse occurs.
relapses last days, weeks, or months and recovery can be slow or almost instantaneous.

Question 15

What is Secondary Progressive MS?

Answer 15

Gradual worsening of disease between relapses, and apart from some remission, following relapsing episodes, no real recovery.
after 10 years, 50% of people with RRMS develop SPMS and 90% by 25-30 years.

Question 16

What is Primary Progressive MS?

Answer 16

Gradual progression of disease from onset with no plateaus or remissions; however, some patients experience occasional plateaus and minor remissions. Onset typically after 40 years of age.

Question 17

What is Progressive Relapsing MS?

Answer 17

Progressive course from onset with marked relapses. some recovery may occur following relapse but is followed by gradual worsening of symptoms until the next relapse. Onset typically after 40 years of age.

Question 18

What are some exacerbating factors of MS?

Answer 18

Viral or bacterial infection, organ system disease, and Uthoffs symptom.

Question 19

What is Uthoffs symptom?

Answer 19

when the temperature rises patients get weaker. when the temperature cools down they get better.

Question 20

What are the diagnostic criteria for MS?

Answer 20

Evidence of two relapses
relapses separated by time/space
no other explanation for relapses

Question 21

What do interferon’s do?

Answer 21

Block immune system, reduce inflammation and swelling

Question 22

What are the three main interferons of MS?

Answer 22

avonex: interferon beta-1a
betaseron: interferon beta-1b
rebif: interferon beta-1a

Question 23

What does copaxone: glatiramer acetate do?

Answer 23

Blocks T-cells: turns them off.

Question 24

What does novantrone: mitoxantrone do?

Answer 24

Immune suppressant

Question 25

What are the drugs used for symptomatic symptoms of MS?

Answer 25

``` acute relapses-prednisone fatigue- amantadine spasticity- Balofen bladder dysfunction- Detrol Tremor- klanopin Dizziness- meclizine pain- vicodin depression-paxil ```

Question 26

what are some common impairments of MS?

Answer 26

Sensory change, pain, visual changes, weakness, fatigue, spasticity, imbalance, coordination impairments, gait impairments, speech impairments, swallowing impairments, cognitive impairments, depression, affective impairments, cardiovascular dysautonomia, bowel dysfunction, bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction.

Question 27

What are some visual impairments caused by MS?

Answer 27

``` oscillopsia diplopia nystagmus scotoma internuclear opthalmoplegia marcus gunn pupil optic neuritis ```

Question 28

What is oscillopsia?

Answer 28

Can't focus on one spot- vision stability

Question 29

What is diptopia?

Answer 29

Double vision

Question 30

What is scotoma?

Answer 30

Spot in vision no middle but have peripheral vision

Question 31

What is internuclear opthalmoplegia?

Answer 31

Very common; can't adduct eyes across midline. Gets stagmus because it's trying to pull the other eye.

Question 32

What is Marcus Gunn Pupil?

Answer 32

booth eyes dialate instead of constrict when light is shown.