Module 12- Part 1 Musculoskeletal Flashcards
what is the function of the musculoskeletal system?
encase and protect the inner vital organs (brain, spinal chord, heart) and to produce RBC’s in bone marrow
what are the components of the musculoskeletal system?
-Bone and cartilage-specialized forms of connective tissue
-Joint is articulation and is the place of two or more bones
Enable mobility needed for ADL’s
what are the two types of joints? describe them
- Nonsynovial Joints= bones are united by fibrous tissue/cartilage and are immovable (eg. Sutures in skull) or only slightly moveable (eg. Vertebrae)
- Synovial Joints= freely moveable because they have bones that are separated from each other and enclosed in a joint cavity (joint cavity filled with lubricant: synovial fluid) (Ex. Ball and socket, pivot, hinge joint)
what is each joint surrounded by?
-each joint is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and supported by ligaments
what is bursa and why is it important?
-bursa= enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid
It helps muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone
what are the skeletal muscle movements?
- flexion (flexing arm), extension (extending arm)
- abduction (arms out), adduction (arms in)
- supination (hand face up), pronation (hand face down)
- circumduction (rotating shoulder around)
- eversion (outside of foot going out), inversion (toes going in)
- protraction (lifting chin out), retraction (double chin)
- rotation (head moving side to side)
- elevation (shoulder up), depression (shoulder down)
what are the 3 types of muscle?
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
what are the developmental considerations for infants and children?
- by 3 months, cartilage ossifies into true bone and starts to grow
- Bone growth continues after birth-rapidly during infancy and then steadily during childhood- and during adolescence , when boys and girls undergo a growth spurt
- longitudinal growth of bones occurs until approx. age 20
what are the developmental considerations for pregnant women?
-increased levels of hormones cause increases in mobility in joints
what are the developmental considerations for older adults?
-loss of bone density (osteoporosis)
• women are more affected than men due to low levels of estrogen after menopause causes bone loss to accelerate
-long bones do not shorten with age
-decreased height is due to shortening of vertebral column due to loss of water and thinning of intervertebral discs
-physical exercise increases skeletal mass which helps to prevent or delay bone loss and osteoporosis In post-menopausal women and in older men
During discharge teaching to a patient at risk for developing osteoporosis, you discuss the types of exercise the patient should perform. Which type of exercise is not the best to perform to prevent osteoporosis?
a) tennis
b) weight lifting
c) walking
d) hiking
c) walking
Low-impact exercises are not as beneficial in building bone mass as compared to weight-bearing exercises such as tennis, lifting weights, and hiking etc. The patient should perform exercises that put stress on the bones against gravity, which will help increase bone strength and build muscle
define osteoporosis
-osteoporosis= as people age, new bones don’t appear at a fast rate and bones become spongy, weak, and more likely to break.
what are recommendations for good bone health?
- Diet. Adequate intake of calcium and Vitamin D are necessary (L.O.)
a. Dine on dairy. Low-fat milk, non-fat yogurt, and reduced fat cheese
b. Go fish. Salmon and sardines- rich in calcium and vitamin D
c. Eat greens with gusto. Leafy green veggies: broccoli, kale etc.
d. Try soy. Soybeans, soy milk
e. Limit caffeine.
f. Eat onions. Reduces bone breakdown - Exercise. At least 30 min three times a week
- Lifestyle. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol
- Medical options
- Supplements- calcium and vitamin D supplements to help
what is subjective data you would ask?
- Joints: Pain, stiffness, swelling, heat, redness, limitation of movement
- Muscles: Pain (cramps), weakness
- Bones: Pain, deformity, trauma (fractures, sprains, dislocations)
- Functional Assessment: ADL’s
- Self-care behaviours: exercise, nutrition, medication, smoking (any repetitive motions in your daily job etc?)
Mobility Aids (crutches, walkers)
what are some additional subjective questions you’d ask for infants and children?
- Sports. How frequent?
- Sports equipment
- Warming up
- Injury. What do you do if you get hurt?
Time management
