Module 2 Flashcards
:polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers.
* Are the most numerous and versatile of the four bio molecules.
* Contain nitrogen
Protein
the next-most-versatile bio molecules
* Are simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars
Carbohydrate
- “Reads” RNA to make proteins.
- Found in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
- Not technically an organelle.
Ribosomes
large bio molecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.
Nucleic Acid
fourth category of biomolecules, better known as fats,
oils, and sterols
* Diverse group made up of combinations of hydrocarbons, fatty acids,
and/or glycerol molecules
* Are not polymers because their structure is not composed of a chain
of monomers
Lipid
When electrons are unequally shared between atoms,
partial electrical charges result within a molecule
The uneven distribution of electrical charges make one end of the
molecule slightly negative and the other end slightly positive
Polar Molecule
are not soluble in water
because water molecules cannot surround them in a
hydrogen-bonded network
Non Polar Molecule
Molecules that do not associate with water
Hydrophobic
Ions and polar molecules associate with water
molecules (are water-loving)
Hydrophollicc
A type of glyceride called a phospholipid is an important
component in cell membranes
* Phospholipids are made up of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
bonded to a hydrophilic head containing a glycerol and a
phosphate group
Phospholipid
When exposed to water, phospholipids form a
phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing
outward and the hydrophobic tails tucked into the
interior of the bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer
Deliver usable “on demand” energy.
Energy Carriers
One of the unifying principles of biology Consists of two main parts:
1. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells.
2. All cells living today came from a preexisting cell.
Cell Theory
are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and complex internal compartments.
Prokaryotic
- Have true nuclei surrounded by a membrane
Is Multi-cellular
Eukaryotic
are lipid bilayer, membrane enclosed internal compartments.
* They concentrate and organize cellular chemical reactions.
Organelles
Substances move into the cells
Endoocytosis
Substances move out of the cells
Extocytosis
is a membrane protein
that allows for the passive transport
of water, across the hydrophobic lipid
bilayer.
Aquaporin
are proteins used to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration
Sodium-Potassium Pumps
a network of protein
cylinders and filaments
Cytoskeleton
a lipid bilayer membrane network continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Endoplasmic reticulum
a lipid bilayer, membrane-enclosed packaging center that directs protein and lipid products from the ER to other membranes
Golgi Apparatus
use chemical reactions to transform carbohydrates into ATP in a process called cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
