Module 2 Flashcards
(29 cards)
chemical level
includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and moeclules two or more atoms joined together. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium are essential for life
cellular level
molecules combine to form cells which can be compared to assembling letters into words. cells are structures composed of chemicals.
tissue level
groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
four types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue
organ level
different types of issues are joined together. organs are structures composed of two or more types of tissues that have specific functions and shapes
system level
consists of related organs with a common function.
skeletal system
components: bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages
functions: supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle; aids body movements; house cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids
integumentary system
components: skin and stuccoes associated with ut, hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat and oil glands, and the subcutaneous layer
functions: protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin d; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat provides isolations
muscular system
components: specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue, which usually attaches to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)
functions: participates in bringing about body movements such as walking; maintains posture and produces heat
lymphatic system and immunity system
components: lymphatic fluid, lympathic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils, cells that carry out immune responses
functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes
cardiovascular system
components: blood, heart and blood vessels
functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels and blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids; blood components help defined against disease and repair damage blood vessels
nervous system
components: brain, spinal cord, nerve and special such organs like eyes and ears
functions: generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body internal and external environments, interprets changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
respiratory system
components: lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs and through vocal cords produces sounds
endocrine system
components: hormone-producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and ovaries and detests) and hormone producing cells in several other organs
functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ
digestive system
components: organs of gastrointestinal tract- a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and the anus. and accessory organs like salivary lands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
functions: achieves pshycial and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
urinary system
kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra
functions: produces atores and elimates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; helps maintains body mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells
reproductive systems
components: gonads) teeter and ocarinas are associated organs such as the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and epidymides, seminal vesicles, prostate, ducts deferences and penis
body cavities
spaces within the body that house internal organs. bones muscles and ligaments separate the various body cavities for one another
cranial cavity
cranial bones form a hollow space of the head called the cranial cavity which contain the brain. the bones of the vertebral backbone form the vertebral canal which contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves
three layers of protective tissue, the meninges and a shock absorbing fluid surround th brain and spinal cord
thoracic cavity
chest cavity; contains a pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum
pleural cavity
each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity in the pleura
pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
mediastinum
central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
abdominopelvic cavity
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
